存在主义有两派:基督教存在主义和无神论存在主义,两派都认为存在先于本质,两派都从主观性出发,但是无神论存在主义者认为上帝存在不存在,对事情毫无改变。由于存在先于本质,所以人的性格是他自己创造的(也由于并没有一个上帝在设计的缘故),因此他要对自己负责,不能怨天尤人;他并要对自己的行动负责,对全人类负责。人在选择自己,选择自己的行动时,也就肯定这些的价值,及其对全人类的价值。人的苦恼就在于认识到自己的这种沉重责任。人的孤寂是由于上帝不存在,而人必须接受这一事实的一切后果。决定论是不存在的,人就是自由本身,但人的自由是一件倒楣的事情,人不曾自创其生,却要对自己的一切负责。但人不应向无为主义屈服,而应当投入行动;人应尽力而为,因为“行动之外,没有实在”。事情的成败一点说不准,但人只有通过行动多少来实现自己多少。超出自己,解放自己,也就是具体体现自己;这就是存在主义的人道主义。 There are two existentialists: Christian existentialism and existential existentialism. Both groups think existence exists prior to essence. Both groups proceed from subjectivity, but atheistic existentialists believe that the existence of God does not exist and there is no change in matters. Since existence precedes essence, man’s character is created by himself (and because there is not a single God in design), he is responsible for himself and can not blame others; he is also responsible for his own actions and for all mankind Be responsible for. When people choose themselves and choose their own actions, they also affirm their value and their value to all human beings. Man’s distress lies in recognizing his own heavy responsibility. Human loneliness is due to God’s absence, and man must accept all the consequences of this fact. Determinism does not exist, man is the freedom itself, but human freedom is an unlucky thing, people have not created their own lives, but to their own responsibility. But one should not give in to incontinence. Instead, one should act; one should do his best because “there is no real beyond action.” The success or failure of the matter can not be said at all, but one can only realize himself by how many actions. Beyond ourselves, liberating ourselves, that is, embodying ourselves; this is existentialism.