论文部分内容阅读
美国有12个联邦机构和1项跨机构联合计划在1988年度内花费大约27亿美元支持生物技术的研究发展,而以美国国家卫生研究所为最大的赞助者,计投入约23亿美元,占总经费的84％。其余的经费出国防部、国家科学基金会、农业部和能源部分担。从1984年起,联邦机构对生物技术的赞助便逐年增加,虽然政治因素占了小部份原因,但是生物技术本身在生命科学的整合利用渐渐受到重视才是主要因素。美国三十几个州在学术地位优秀的大学引导下,对生物技术也有日渐重视的趋势,并视其为经济发展的途径之一。在1988年,地方政府投资约1.55亿美元在生物技术之发展上,大约为联邦投资经费的1/18。另一方面,美国的生
In the United States, 12 federal agencies and 1 inter-agency joint program cost about 2.7 billion U.S. dollars in research and development support for biotechnology in 1988, while the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the largest sponsor, invested about 2.3 billion U.S. dollars in total 84% of the funds. The rest is funded by the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Agriculture and the Energy Department. Since 1984, federal agencies' sponsorship of biotechnology has increased year by year. Although political factors make up a small part of the reason, the integration of biotechnology itself in life sciences is gradually being taken as the major factor. More than 30 U.S. states, under the guidance of their excellent academic standing, have also shown increasing emphasis on biotechnology and regarded it as one of the means of economic development. In 1988, local governments invested about 155 million U.S. dollars in biotechnology development, about 1/18 of the federal investment. On the other hand, American students