古今中外皆有官僚主义和形式主义。不同时期、不同国家出现的官僚主义和形式主义表现和内容各异,但都有一个共同之处,即:它们都与人治有关,再具体一点说,就是与任命制有关。官僚主义和形式主义产生的根源就在于政府官员大都由任命走马上任,而非由真正的人民民主选举进入仕途,所以他们的眼里只有上司,而没有民众。民主制要求国家主要公职人员由民主选举的方式产生,任命制则主张由上级任命产生。官员的权力由谁授予,他就对谁负责。经由人民民主途径授予,他就对人民负责,通过上司任命途径授予,他就对 At all times and in all places, bureaucracy and formalism are found. In different periods, bureaucrats and formalisms in different countries have different manifestations and contents, but all have one thing in common: they are all related to people’s rule, and more specifically to the appointment system. The root cause of bureaucratism and formalism is that most government officials are appointed by appointment instead of being democratically elected by genuine people. Therefore, they have only their superiors and no people in their eyes. Democracy requires that the country’s major public officials be elected by democratic means. Appointment rules advocate the appointment of superiors. Who owes the officer’s power to whom he is responsible. He is rightly responsible to the people through the people’s democratic means of granting and is granted through the appointment of superiors, and he is right