在发达国家、发展中国家、共产主义、社会主义和资本主义国家,都在进行经济改革的尝试。这些改革有几个重要的共同点。第一,有全面改革的性质;第二,共同的方向是,减少国家直接干预和国有制成分;第三,既影响公营部门,也影响私营部门;第四,在技术上和政治上实施改革,比政府预期得更困难。80年代经济改革表现出各种不同的形式,反映出各国改革起步时间和改革目标的差别。国际因素也影响着各国政府的改革目标。有三个因素对改革既有积极推动,也有消极压力:人们希望通过提高 In the developed countries, developing countries, communists, socialists and capitalist countries, they are all trying their best to carry out economic reforms. These reforms have several important things in common. First, there is a comprehensive reform of the nature; second, the common direction is to reduce direct state intervention and state ownership; third, both the public sector and the private sector; fourth, technically and politically Reform is harder than the government expected. The economic reforms of the 1980s showed various forms and reflected the differences between the starting times of reforms in various countries and the objectives of the reforms. International factors also affect the reform goals of all governments. There are three factors that promote both positive and negative pressures on the reform: people hope that by raising