自组织和被组织 协同论的创立者哈肯给出一个自组织定义:“如果一个体系在获得空间、时间或功能的结构过程中,没有外界的特定干涉,仅依靠系统内部的互相作用来达到,我们便说该系统是自组织的。”也就是说系统形成的各种结构,无须外部的指令能自行创生、自适应、自复制、自演化,自主地从无序走向有序,就是自组织。而与之相对的,在外界指令干预之下实现的组织,则称作“被组织”。在组织管理上,运用自组织的方法管理组织即为自组织管理,而用被组织的方法管理组织,则称为被组织管理。例如,传统的权力型组织,运用权力和指令的方式进行控制,这样的管理是被组织管理的方式。又如,在共同愿景和价值观的指引下,组 Harken, the founder of self-organization and organized synergies, gives a self-defined definition: “If a system does not have any specific intervention from outside in the process of obtaining space, time, or function, it only relies on internal interactions We will say that the system is self-organized. ”That is to say, the various structures formed by the system can be self-generated, self-adaptive, self-replicating, self-evolving and autonomously from disorder to order without external instructions , Is self-organizing. In contrast, an organization that is implemented under external command intervention is called “organized.” In the organization and management, the use of self-organization approach to self-organization management organizations, and was organized by the method of management of the organization, is called the organization and management. For example, the traditional power-type organizations, the use of power and instructions to control the way, such management is organized by the way. Again, under the guidance of a common vision and values ​​group