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[背景]2010年,无国界医生组织发现尼日利亚西北部爆发与手工黄金加工相关的铅中毒。疫情已造成约400名幼儿死亡,数千人受影响。[目的]旨在进行一项跨地质和卫生科学的评估,以明确铅的来源和暴露途径,确定更多相关毒物和高危人群,并探讨全球类似的铅中毒发生的可能性。[方法]采用不同的方法,对矿石样品、来自村庄和家庭化合物中的土壤和清扫样品、植物性食物样品进行分析。[结果]富铅金矿石在开采前的自然风化形成大量、高度胃-生物可及性的碳酸铅。在所有类型的样品中发现相同的铅矿指纹,从而确定矿石处理过程造成了极大的污染,土壤/清扫样品中的铅高达185000×10-7,植物性食品中高达145×10-7。意外摄食经过手口传播的土壤和从呼吸道排出的灰尘是主要暴露途径。食用受到加工过程污染的水和食品可能铅摄入量较小,但这些仍然是重要的暴露途径。虽然幼儿遭受了最直接和最严重的后果,但研究结果表明,年龄较大的儿童、成年工人、孕妇和哺乳期婴儿也处于铅中毒的风险之中。汞、砷、锰、锑、二氧化硅结晶暴露对健康造成额外的威胁。[结论]研究结果为尼日利亚正在进行的工作提供了信息,以评估铅污染和铅中毒、治疗受害者、减少暴露以及治理污染。矿床地质、开采前风化以及新兴的手工采矿几种因素可能会综合导致全球其他地方类似的铅中毒灾难。
[Background] In 2010, MSF discovered lead poisoning related to the processing of handmade gold in the northwestern Nigeria. About 400 kindergartens have been killed and thousands left affected by the outbreak. [Aim] To conduct a cross-geological and health science assessment to identify lead sources and routes of exposure, identify more relevant poisons and high-risk groups, and explore the possibility of similar lead poisoning worldwide. [Method] Different methods were used to analyze ore samples, soil and sweeping samples from villages and family compounds, and plant food samples. [Result] The natural weathering of lead-rich gold ore before mining formed a large amount of highly bio-accessible lead carbonate. The same fingerprinting of fingerprints was found in all types of samples, confirming the significant contamination caused by the ore treatment process, with lead up to 185,000x10-7 in soil / swept samples and up to 145x10-7 in plant foods. Accidental ingestion of contaminated soil and dust expelled from the respiratory tract is the main route of exposure. Drinking water and food contaminated with processing may lead to a lesser intake of lead, but these are still important exposures. Although young children suffer the most direct and serious consequences, the findings suggest that older children, adult workers, pregnant women and lactating infants are also at risk of lead poisoning. Exposure to mercury, arsenic, manganese, antimony, and silica crystals poses additional health risks. [Conclusions] The findings provide information on ongoing work in Nigeria to assess lead and lead poisoning, treat victims, reduce exposure and control pollution. Several factors, such as deposit geology, pre-mining weathering and emerging manual mining, can lead to similar lead poisoning disasters elsewhere in the world.