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让·雅克·卢梭是欧洲启蒙运动的代表人物之一,也是18世纪最激进的思想家。不可否认,他的思想自从诞生之日起就产生了极大的影响。一些学者认为卢梭是民主思想的圣徒,另一些学者渲染卢梭是伪民主独裁的发明者,更有甚至认为卢梭是极权主义思想的开创者。但是卢梭本人并不主张极权主义,只是他的思想在实践过程中不可避免地带有现代极权主义的色彩,最终可能造就极权主义的国家。他的这种极权主义倾向表现在“公意”的表达、自由的异化、广场政治、公民宗教这四个方面。
Jean Jacques Rousseau is one of the representatives of the European Enlightenment and one of the most radical thinkers of the 18th century. Admittedly, his ideas have had a tremendous impact since their birth. Some scholars think Rousseau is a saint of democratic thought. Others argue that Rousseau was the inventor of pseudo-democratic dictatorship. Rousseau was even even considered the pioneer of totalitarian thinking. However, Rousseau himself did not advocate totalitarianism, but his thinking inevitably carries the color of modern totalitarianism in the process of practice and eventually may create a totalitarian state. His totalitarian tendencies are manifested in four aspects: the expression of “public opinion”, alienation of freedom, square politics and civil religion.