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作爲諸子時代的重要概念,思想史的核心範疇,《尚書》中“德”觀念的複雜性在於,“德”字背後始終交織著以下兩組關係,即自殷商至西周“德”觀念的成形歷程,以及漢學與宋學兩大注釋傳統對“德”觀念的解釋差异。而多數情況下,我們是將前一組關係嵌套進後一組關係中進行解讀的。因而,有必要在藉助注文詮釋“德”觀念內涵變遷的基礎上,立足於思想史與經學史的雙向思維,反向檢點我們的理解工具本身,即注文。由此,在殷周的生成過程中,“德”在誥體的語境下逐漸蘊含功能性的意味,而“德”的來源亦明顯由强調血緣宗親的祖宗恩澤演變爲破除血緣宗親的皇天眷命。在漢宋的轉化過程中,漢學傳統立足於政治話語以及“德”與“王”的所屬關係,側重於表達權力行爲和宗法原則的“德”內涵。而宋學傳統則基於心性話語乃至“德”與“民”的倚伏關係,傾向於傳遞德性修養和聖賢教化的“德”內涵。
As an important concept in the ages and the core category of the history of ideas, the complexity of the notion of “virtue ” in Shangshu lies in the fact that the following two groups of relations are interwoven behind the “ The forming process of the concept of ”morality“ and the differences in the interpretation of the ”morality“ between the two major annotated traditions of the Han and Song schools. In most cases, we nested the previous set of relationships into a later set of relationships for interpretation. Therefore, on the basis of annotating the connotation changes of the conception of ”morality“, we must base ourselves on the two-way thinking in the history of thought and the history of science and check the instrumentalities of our understanding, that is, annotations in reverse. As a result, in the process of Yin Zhou’s birth, ”De “ gradually implies a functional meaning in the context of the body, and the source of ”De “ evidently evolved from the emphasis on the ancestry of the ancestry clan To get rid of blood clan relatives of heavenly favor. In the process of Han and Song dynasties, the tradition of Sinology was based on political discourse and the relationship between ”morality “ and ”Wang “, focusing on the connotation of ”morality “ expressing the principle of power and patriarchal principle. However, the tradition of songology is based on the relationship between the words of the mind and the ”“ and ”people “, and tends to convey the ”morality" of moral education and sage cultivation.