恶性肿瘤一直是威胁人类健康、导致人类死亡的主要原因之一。最近的资料显示,2012年全世界约有1 400万新发癌症病例,癌症相关死亡病例820万例,其中发展中国家新发癌症病例约占全球总数的57%,死亡例数更是高达65%。据报道,2015年中国癌症新发430万例,死亡280万例。在中国癌症发病率和死亡率排名前5位的肿瘤中,消化系统肿瘤占据4席(胃癌、肝癌、食管癌和结直肠癌)。人类对恶性肿瘤的病因、发病机制及规律的研究已持续了整个世纪,从基因突变、染色体易 Malignant tumors have always been one of the major causes of human health and human mortality. According to recent sources, there were about 14 million new cases of cancer and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2012, of which about 57% of new cases of cancer were reported in developing countries and the number of deaths was as high as 65 %. It is reported that in China, 4.3 million new cases of cancer were reported in 2015, with 2.8 million deaths. In the top 5 cancer incidence and mortality in China, digestive system tumors occupy 4 seats (stomach, liver, esophagus and colorectal cancer). Human research on the etiology, pathogenesis and regulation of malignant tumors has lasted for a century, from the gene mutation, chromosome easy