广西右江流域野生罗非鱼种群及其杂合性研究

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  摘要:【目的】明確广西右江流域野生罗非鱼的种群类别及其杂合情况,为广西右江流域罗非鱼的入侵防控及本土珍稀物种保护提供科学依据。【方法】从广西右江流域隆安、平果、田东、田阳和百色5个采样点采集野生罗非鱼样本共136尾,提取各采样点罗非鱼样本DNA,设计特异性引物对线粒体COⅠ基因及核基因(enc1、ptr和sh3px3)进行群体扩增,通过DNASTAR 7.1的Megalign程序对所有样本的COⅠ基因序列进行同源性比对分析,以确定罗非鱼样本的母本;采用MEGA 6.0对enc1、ptr和sh3px3基因进行序列比对和校正,并构建各采样点罗非鱼样本的系统发育进化树。【结果】广西右江流域5个采样点的罗非鱼母本种类共有4种,分别为尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)、齐氏罗非鱼(Coptodon zillii)、莫桑比克罗非鱼(O. mossambicus)和奥利亚罗非鱼(O. aureus)。在26尾隆安罗非鱼样本中无杂合个体;在36尾平果罗非鱼样本中有3个杂合个体,杂合率为8.3%;在20尾田东罗非鱼样本中有2个杂合个体,杂合率为10.0%;在30尾田阳罗非鱼样本中有2个杂合个体,杂合率为6.7%;在24尾百色罗非鱼样本中有4个杂合个体,杂合率为16.7%。【结论】广西右江流域野生罗非鱼的种间杂交率并不高,但其杂交优势更有利于罗非鱼种群的扩散,进一步侵占土著鱼种的生存空间,严重威胁广西右江流域鱼类资源的多样性,有关部门应加强监管力度以防止野生罗非鱼种群迅速扩散。
  关键词: 罗非鱼;DNA条形码;杂合性;广西右江流域
  中图分类号: S965.125                            文献标志码: A 文章编号:2095-1191(2019)12-2797-09
  Wild tilapia population and its hybridization in
  Youjiang River, Guangxi
  ZHENG Xiong1, ZHAO Li-chao2, WU Zhi-qiang1,3*, ZHANG Jie4,
  HUANG Liang-liang1,5, WANG Kai-cheng2, ZHANG Man2
  (1College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi  541006, China; 2College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University,Nanning  530004, China; 3Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi  541004, China; 4Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing  100101, China; 5Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin, Guangxi  541004, China)
  Abstract:【Objective】Researching species and heterozygosity among the population of wild tilapias in Youjiang Ri-ver basin of Guangxi  to provide scientific base for prevention of tilapia invasion and conservation of indigenous species.【Method】A total of 136 tilapia individuals from Long’an, Pingguo, Tiandong, Tianyang and Baise in Youjiang River basin were studied. The DNA extraction, PCR amplification and gene sequencing based on COⅠ from mitochondria,and enc1,ptr, sh3px3 from ribosome with specific primers for each individual were performed. Through the megalign program of DNASTAR 7.1, the homologies of COⅠ gene sequences of all samples were compared and analyzed to determine the female parents of tilapia samples. The sequences of enc1,ptr,sh3px3 gene were compared and corrected by MEGA 6.0, and the phylogenetic trees of all samples were constructed. 【Result】The results showed that there were four female parents species in the five sampling sites, they were Oreochromis niloticus, Coptodon zillii, O. mossambicus and O. aureus. The hybrid rates of samples in Longan(26 individuals, 0 hybrid individual), Pingguo(36 individuals, 3 hybrid individuals), Tiandong(20 individuals, 2 hybrid individuals), Tianyang(30 individuals, 2 hybrid individuals) and Baise(24 individuals, 4 hybrid individuals) were respectively 0, 8.3%, 10.0%, 6.7% and 16.7%. 【Conclusion】Although the interspecific hybridization rate is not too high, the situation will be more conducive to the spread of wild tilapia population and further encroachment on the living space of indigenous species,and severely threaten diversity of local fishery resources in Youjiang River basin due to heterosis. The government department concerned ought to enhance supervision,and prevent further proliferation of population of wild tilapia.   本研究发现近乎一半的杂合个体,其母本是奥利亚罗非鱼,另一半则为齐氏罗非鱼。以奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼可杂交出尼奥罗非鱼(奥利亚♀+尼罗♂),且奥利亚罗非鱼(♀)与尼罗罗非鱼(♂)的杂交后代表现出高雄性率和杂交双重优势(万松良等,2018)。由系统发育进化分析结果可知,所有母本为奥利亚罗非鱼的杂合个体均处于尼罗罗非鱼分支内,COⅠ基因在线粒体内继承自母本,核基因则继承自父本和母本,因此可确定是奥利亚罗非鱼(♀)与尼罗罗非鱼(♂)杂交。杂交产生的子代具有杂交优势,尽管杂合情况并不严重,但仍会对当地生态环境和生物多样性造成威胁。李莉好等(2008)研究表明,尼罗♀+奥利亚♂杂交产生的子代较奥利亚♀+尼罗♂杂交产生的子代具有更强的遗传多样性和多态性,因而拥有更强的杂交优势。本研究中并未发现以尼罗罗非鱼为母本的杂合个体,只出现奥利亚♀+尼罗♂的杂交方式,可能是不同罗非鱼种群的性别比例不同所致。此外,系统发育进化分析结果显示齐氏罗非鱼与其他罗非鱼虽不在同一属内,但其杂交数仍占罗非鱼样本杂交总数的一半,说明罗非鱼可进行属间杂交,且较频繁,也表明齐氏罗非鱼具有很强的杂交能力。王金龙等(2007)也曾研究证实,奥利亚罗非鱼同样拥有强大的杂交能力,其作为母本可与作为父本的鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)进行科间杂交,并产生可育后代。
  在罗非鱼种群杂合率表现最低的隆安罗非鱼样本中,发现其母本仅有尼罗罗非鱼、齐氏罗非鱼和莫桑比克罗非鱼,而未检出奥利亚罗非鱼,进一步说明奥利亚罗非鱼杂交占据野生罗非鱼杂交的比例很高。在罗非鱼种群杂合率最高的百色罗非鱼样本中,同样未检出以奥利亚罗非鱼作为母本的杂合个体,也说明齐氏罗非鱼杂交占据野生罗非鱼杂交的比例很高。在平果罗非鱼样本中同时发现有4种罗非鱼作为母本,理论上应具有较高的杂合率,但其杂合率仅8.3%;在田阳罗非鱼样本中,其罗非鱼种类构成与平果罗非鱼样本相似,杂合率同样不高,仅6.7%。究其原因可能与各罗非鱼种群的数量、种群性比构成及外部温度等因素不同有关。田东罗非鱼样本的母本种类只有尼罗罗非鱼和奥利亚罗非鱼,其杂合率却达10.0%,表明尼罗罗非鱼与奥利亚罗非鱼在自然条件下可发生杂交,且具有较高的杂合率。
  在广西右江流域完成入侵的罗非鱼主要以尼罗罗非鱼和齐氏罗非鱼为主,同时存在一些其他种类的罗非鱼,如莫桑比克罗非鱼和奥利亚罗非鱼等。丰富的入侵种类为罗非鱼种间几乎不存在的生殖隔离提供了良好杂交基础,同时由于外界环境压力的作用,致使广西右江上游罗非鱼杂合情况极其普遍。在本研究的5个采样点中,罗非鱼杂合率最高的百色采样点处于广西右江最上游,渔业资源丰富,水流较缓,有利于鱼类繁殖;而没有种间杂交的隆安采样点处于广西右江最下游,地势低,水流较湍急,不利于鱼类产卵繁殖,说明环境因素可能是影响罗非鱼种间杂合的重要因素之一。这与高天扬等(2018)对北江鱼类群落进行调查的结果相似,上游鱼类多样性多于下游,即上游鱼类拥有更多的捕食与繁衍机会。
  罗非鱼具有适应性强、发病少、耐低氧、食性杂、繁殖快及生长快的特性,是联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)向全世界大力推广的优良养殖品种(谭细畅等,2012),但这些特性也促使罗非鱼成为世界性生物入侵鱼类(Peterson et al.,2006)。罗非鱼种间杂交表现出一定的杂交优势,如奥利亚罗非鱼(♀)与尼羅罗非鱼(♂)的杂交后代表现出高雄性率和杂交双重优势(万松良等,2018),莫桑比克罗非鱼与红罗非鱼或尼罗罗非鱼的杂交后代均具有更强的耐高盐性(Urmaza and Aguilar,2005)。这种杂交优势进一步提升了罗非鱼对环境的适应能力,使其能更快地适应新的生境,提高存活率。杂合罗非鱼对环境适应能力的增强加快了罗非鱼对本土鱼类生态位的侵占,而导致本土鱼类资源多样性受到严重威胁(周辉明等,2011)。广西右江流域野生罗非鱼的杂合率虽然不高,但仍然建议有关管理部门加强对野生罗非鱼的监管力度,采取有针对性的措施降低罗非鱼种群的分布和扩散,建立完善的本土鱼类保护机制,以保护广西右江流域鱼类资源多样性和生物完整性。
  4 结论
  广西右江流域野生罗非鱼的种间杂合率并不高,但其杂交优势更有利于罗非鱼种群的扩散,进一步侵占土著鱼种的生存空间,严重威胁广西右江流域鱼类资源的多样性,有关部门应加强监管力度以防止野生罗非鱼种群迅速扩散。
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