公罪指官吏在行使职权过程中犯错,并不涉及个人私利。明代公罪制度建立于前代经验之上,故而颇显完备。但过于复杂繁多的立法难免会让官吏们有动辄犯罪的担心,这在一定程度上会挫伤其行事的积极性。此外,不断增多的吏、兵两部处分则例使得部分正直之士无所适从,亦使得部分奸诈官吏妄行引拟或移情就例,故出入人罪。公、私两类犯罪的性质相异,对于官吏仕途的影响截然不同,故而区分意义重大,但两者界限的模糊性容易导致律法适用的不公正性。 Public crime means officials make mistakes in the exercise of their powers and does not involve personal gain. The system of public crime in the Ming Dynasty was based on the experience of its predecessors and was therefore quite complete. However, too complicated and complicated legislation will inevitably make officials have frequent criminal concerns, which to a certain extent will dampen their enthusiasm for doing things. In addition, the increasing number of officials and soldiers who handle the two cases has caused some people with integrity to know what to do and why some of the criminals and maverick officials cited the examples of illegitimacy or empathy. The two types of crimes, public and private, are of different nature and have very different influences on the official career. Therefore, the distinction is of great significance. However, the ambiguity of the boundary between the two easily leads to unfair application of the law.