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目的:比较上海地区及西藏日喀则地区综合医院儿科门诊<5岁儿童血常规，探讨不同地域儿童贫血发病情况及高危因素。方法:回顾2018年度上海市第九人民医院儿科19 863例儿童门诊的血常规及2018年度日喀则市人民医院儿科2 476例门诊儿童的血常规，分析血红蛋白(HB)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)的数值，比较两地贫血发生率、贫血程度和贫血类型。问卷调查两个地区门诊儿童母亲文化程度、孕期情况、患儿辅食添加和居住地。结果:日喀则地区<5岁儿童贫血发病率41.32%(1 023/2 476)高于上海的14.35%(2 852/19 863)，差异具有统计学意义(n P<0.01)。其中日喀则地区轻度贫血84.65%(866/1 023)，中度贫血14.08%(144/1 023)，重度贫血1.27%(13/1 023)。上海轻度、中度和重度贫血分别是94.81%(2 704/2 852)、5.05%(144/2 852)和0.14%(4/2 852)。日喀则地区中、重度贫血比率高于上海，差异有统计学意义(n P<0.01)。来自牧区、母亲文化水平低、孕期营养差、早产、纯母乳喂养、未规律产检、不合理添加辅食与日喀则地区≤1岁婴儿贫血有关。n 结论:两地儿童贫血以营养性缺铁性贫血为主，藏区儿童贫血发生率高于上海，贫血程度较上海儿童重。可能原因在于不同地域之间喂养习惯、文化水平及经济收入不同。在藏区建立健全孕产妇管理、提倡科学喂养妇幼健康生活方式势在必行。“,”Objective:To compare the complete blood count of children under 5 years old in outpatient department of pediatrics in general hospitals in Shanghai and Shigatse, and to explore the incidence and risk factors of anemia among children in different regions.Methods:Complete blood count of 19 863 children in outpatient department of pediatrics of Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital in 2018 and 2 476 children in outpatient department of pediatrics of Shigatse People′s Hospital in 2018 were retrieved. The value of haemoglobin (HB), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were analyzed. The types, incidence and degree of anemia in different regions were compared. The information during pregnancies, supplementary foods, residence and educational level of mothers of anemic children in Shigatse area and Shanghai were collected.Results:The incidence of nutritional anemia in Tibetan children was higher than that in Shanghai, with mild to moderate anemia predominating in Tibetan area and mild anemia predominating in Shanghai. The incidence of anemia in Shigatse area was 41.32% (1 023/2 476), which was higher than that in Shanghai [14.35%(2 852/1 9 863)], and the difference was statistically significant (n P<0.05) .The incidence of mild anemia was 84.65% (866/1 023) in Shigatse and 94.81% (2 704/2 852) in Shanghai, with statistically significant difference (n P< 0.01). The incidence of moderate anemia in Shigatse was 14.08% (144/1 023) higher than that in Shanghai 5.05% (144/2 852), with statistically significant difference (n P<0.01). The incidence of severe anemia in Shigatse was 1.27% (13/1 023) higher than that in Shanghai 0.14% (4/2 852), with statistically significant difference (n P<0.01). Through the analysis of the questionnaires, being from pastoral areas, low educational level of mothers, poor nutrition during pregnancy, premature delivery, pure breastfeeding irregular maternity examinations and unreasonable supplementary food were related to nutritional anemia in ≤1 year-old babies.n Conclusions:Nutritional iron deficiency anemia in the main type of anemia among children in both areas. Compared with Shanghai, the incidence of anemia of children in Tibet was higher, which may be caused by different feeding habits, cultural level and economic income between different regions. It is imperative to establish and improve the management of pregnant and lying-in women in Tibet, and provide scientific feeding and healthy lifestyle.