The construction of highly stable and regular nanoreactors is a major challenge. In this work, we use a facile template protection method to obtain ZIF-67@SiO2 (JS) and to encapsulate metal oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4) into nanoreactors (SiO2). ZIF-67 crystals provide a cobalt species; SiO2 was first used as a protective layer of ZIF-67 and then as a nanoreactor for metastable metal oxide nanoparticles. On this basis, Co3O4@SiO2 with dodecahedron morphology were synthesized by calcining JS at different temperatures, followed by a hydrothermal reaction to obtain Co3(OH)4Si2O5. Subsequently, CoSx and CoP-SiO2 were fabricated through sulfuration and phosphorization. The results in this work show that nanoreactors derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with a rational structure have broad development prospects.