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宇宙飞船、导弹和火箭在发射、飞行中面临着极其严酷的环境。例如,中远程导弹以高弹道速度再入大气时,鼻锥部要经受5000℃以上的高温和高速气体等因素的作用;大型固体火箭喷管喉部要经受3000℃以上高温高速燃气流和固体粒子的冲刷作用。许多防热体系在这样条件下都不能胜任,或者防热材料的“消极重量”太大、效率低、成本高而少有应用。然而采用碳质或石墨等
Spacecraft, missiles and rockets are facing an extremely harsh environment during launch and flight. For example, when the medium-range and long-range missiles reentry into the atmosphere at high ballistic velocities, the nasal conical section should withstand the effects of high temperature and high-speed gas above 5000 ° C. The large solid rocket launcher throat would undergo high temperature and high velocity gas stream above 3000 ° C and solid Particle scouring effect. Many heat-protection systems are not competent under these conditions, or the “passive weight” of heat-resistant materials is too large, inefficient, expensive and rarely used. However, using carbonaceous or graphite