近二三十年来,美国、英国等西方国家的教育界兴起了一场主张以能力为本位的教育运动,即认为教育的成果最终体现为学习者获得了预期的能力——在日本通常称之为“学力”。如70年代以后,美国的许多州规定了中学生毕业时必须达到的“最低学力标准 In the past 20 to 30 years, the educational circles in the western countries such as the United States and Britain have risen an educational campaign advocating a capacity-based education. That is, the result of education ultimately shows that learners have acquired the expected ability - as commonly known in Japan For “learning ability.” After the 1970s, many states in the United States set the minimum academic standard that middle school students must meet upon graduation