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张謇是中国近代民族资产阶级著名的实业家、教育家,在中国面临亡国灭种的紧要关头,他大声疾呼:“救贫之法惟实业,致富之法亦惟实业。”他提出“振兴实业”的主张并付诸实践,表达了他发展民族经济的强烈愿望和设想,本文试对张謇“振兴实业”的思想与实践活动作一初步探索。一、抵御外敌、富国强兵是“振兴实业”的目的张謇“振兴实业”的思想,既不同于打着“自强”、“求富”的幌子,投靠于外国资本主义侵略势力,具有很大买办性的洋务派;也不同于只是依靠无权的皇帝,高喊“实业”而又拿不出具体行动的早期改良派。张謇在理论上和实践上都把“振兴实业”作为抵御外敌、富国强兵的手段。中日甲午战争以后,《马关条约》的签订,外国资本主义对中国的侵略由商品输出变为资本输出,帝国主义在中国沿海港口兴办工厂,在中国内地开垦矿山和修筑铁路,一方面使中国旧的自给自足的自然经济进一步解体;另一方面,严重地摧残了中国刚刚萌芽起来的民族工业。外国商品充斥中国市场,必然
As a famous industrialist and educator of modern Chinese national bourgeoisie, Zhang Xu, a critical moment in China facing the crime of perishing or abolishing the country, said: “The law of saving the poor is only for industrialization and the law for getting rich is also for industrial use.” He proposed that “rejuvenating the industry” Advocated and put into practice, expressing his strong desire and vision of developing the national economy. This paper attempts to make a tentative exploration of Zhang Jian’s thought and practice of “rejuvenating the industry.” First, to defend against foreign enemies and enrich the nation and strengthen the military is the purpose of “rejuvenating the industry.” Zhang Jian’s idea of “rejuvenating the industry” is not only different from holding the pretext of “self-improvement” and “seeking prosperity for the rich,” but also relying on the aggressive forces of foreign capitalism. Compulsive Westernization School is also different from the early reformist who shouted “industrial” but could not get any concrete action by relying solely on the powerless emperor. In theory and in practice, Zhang Xi regarded “rejuvenating the industry” as a means of resisting foreign enemies and making the country rich and powerful. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the foreign capitalist aggression against China from the export of commodities to the export of capital, the establishment of factories by Chinese imperialism in the coastal ports of China, the reclamation of mines and the construction of railways in the interior of China, The old self-sufficient natural economy in China further disintegrated; on the other hand, it severely damaged China’s nascent national industry. Foreign goods are flooding the Chinese market, inevitably