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witness
vt. 目击，当场见到；作证，证明
n. 目击者，证人，证据
Police have appealed for anyone who witnessed the incident to contact them.
警方呼吁凡是目击这一事件的人与他们联系。
The year 2008 witnessed the 29th Olympics opening in Beijing.
2008年见证了第29届奥运会在北京召开。
He witnessed to having seen the man enter the room.
他证明看到那个人进了房间。
His good health is a witness to the success of the treatment.
他的健康证明这种疗法是成功的。
The witness who witnessed the incident gave witness to the police and promised to be a witness.
这场事故的目击者向警察提交了证据并且答应作证。
【搭配】
witness sth 目击某事
witness to sth/doing sth 为……作证
witness that 证明，作证说
witness for 为……辩护，为……作证
witness against 对……作不利的证明
a witness to sth 某事的见证人
give witness on behalf of 替……作证
【辨析】
A beautiful girl is reading a book（看书） in the library， and a boy stares at her（盯着她看），a man glances at them（瞥了一眼）， at this time an old woman glares at them（瞪着他们）. I witness（目睹）all of this.
flee
vi./vt. 逃走，逃避；消失，消散
Many of the people have fled to escape the floods.
许多人为躲避洪水逃到了山上。
Why does he always flee any kind of responsibility？
他为什么总是逃避任何责任？
His hope fled when he lost the election.
当他落选时，他的希望破灭了。
【搭配】
flee from 从……逃走
flee to 逃到
flee the responsibility 逃避责任
【辨析】
flee 主要是指遇到危险或威胁时逃离、避开， flee另外还有“消失、消散”的意思。
escape 主要指“（有计划地）逃脱”，还可指精神上的逃避或退避。
urge
vt. 催促，极力主张；驱策
n. 冲动，强烈的欲望
Kate’s family urged her to find anther job.
凯特的家人催促她去找另一份工作。
The report urged that all children （should） be taught to swim.
这份报告呼吁给所有的儿童教授游泳。
He urged on his pupils the importance of hard work.
他向学生们力陈努力学习的重要性。
I was embarrassed but I fought the urge to run off the stage.
我感到很尴尬，但是我抑制住了想跑下台的冲动。
【搭配】
urge sb/sth on ... 催促某人/某物前进
urge sb to do sth 催促某人做某事
urge that ... 极力主张，强调（从句谓语形式为（should）+动词原形）
It is urged that ... 坚决要求（从句谓语动词为（should）+动词原形）
【拓展】
urgent adj. 紧急的，迫切的
in urgent need of money 迫切需要钱
abandon
vt. 遗产，抛弃，放弃，中止；（与oneself连用）使放纵，听任
n. 放纵，放纵
Rescuers abandoned all hope of family any more survivors of the crash.
援救人员完全放弃了会再找到坠机生还者的希望。
The search for the missing sailors was abandoned after two days.
两天后，搜索失踪船员的工作停止了。
Hong Zhanhui brought up a girl abandoned by her parents. 洪战辉抚养了一个被父母遗弃的女孩。
The match was abandoned because of bad weather.
比赛因天气恶劣取消了。
abandon one’s hope/plan 放弃希望/计划
abandon doing sth 放弃做某事
abandon oneself to 沉湎于……，纵情于
with abandon 放纵地
【辨析】
abandon （完全，永远地）放弃
desert 强调故意违背自己的义务、责任或誓言等（擅离职守）
quit （突然或出其不意地）放弃
reflect
vi./vt. 思考
vt. 映射，反射
When the sun’s rays hit the earth， a lot of the heat is reflected back into space.
太阳光线照射到地球时，大量的热被反射回太空。
Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community.
我们的报纸旨在表达当地人的心声。
Mid-Autumn celebrations reflect Chinese traditions.
中秋节庆祝活动反映了中国的文化传统。
The trip to that city was eye-opening for everyone， and near its end， all the young people in our group began to reflect on what it had meant.
去那个城市旅行开阔了每个人的眼界。旅途快结束的时候，我们组所有年轻成员开始反思此行的意义。
【搭配】
reflect sb/sth in sth （镜，水等）映出某人/某物的影像
reflect sth from sth 以某物表面反射光热等
reflect on/upon sth 思考某事
【拓展】
reflection n. 映像，反射，城市，沉思
reflective adj. 沉思的
aware
adj. 意识到的，知道的
Many people are aware of the dangers of driving after drinking.
大多数人知道酒后开车的危险。
As far as I am aware， nobody has done anything about it.
据我所知，尚无人对此采取任何措施。
【搭配】
be/become aware of 意识到……
be aware that ... 知道/意识到……
make sb aware that 提醒某人……
make sb aware of sth 让某人注意……
【辨析】
be aware of 表示感官上的一种知觉
be conscious of 表示内心所意识到的感觉
adjust
vi./vt. 调整，调节，校正，适应，顺应
You can adjust this desk to the height of any child.
这桌子可以配合小孩的高度任意调整。
Watch out for sharp bends and adjust your speed accordingly.
当心急转弯并相应调整速度。
It took her a while to adjust to living alone after divorce.
她离婚后，过了一段时间才适应了单身生活。
adjust sth to ... 调整……以适应……
adjust to sth/doing sth 适应于……
adjust oneself to 使自己适应于……
adjust to=adapt to 适应……
【拓展】
adjustment n. 调整，调节，适应
make an adjustment 作出调整
Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation， Wang Ping apperared.
正在我努力适应这里的新环境时，这时王平出现了。
【注意】
adjust 适应，调整，校正
adapt 适应；改编
adopt 采纳，收养
participate
vi. 参加，参与
We want to encourage students to participate fully in the running of the college.
我们想鼓励学生完全参与学院的管理工作。
As far as I know， she didn’t participate in the discussion. 据我所知，她没有参加讨论。
participate with sb in sth 同某人参与某事
participate in sth/doing sth 参与（做）某事
【辨析】
participate 正式用词，侧重参加大型的团体活动并以积极的角色参与且发挥作用，如参加奥运会。
attend 侧重到场，不一定起作用，多用于参加会议、上课、婚礼、葬礼。
take part in 侧重积极参与群众性、集体性的事业或活动。
join 侧重加入某团体、组织、党派。
join in 侧重加入某一正在进行的具体活动，如讨论、游戏。
【拓展】
participant n. 参加者，参与者
1. The thieves have already the city， so it is difficult for the police to arrest them.
A. fled B. run away
C. escaped D. got rid of
2. Just as the clothes a person wears， the food he eats and the friends with whom he spends his time， his house his personality.
A. resembles B. strengthens
C. reflects D. shapes
3. To be honest， it took me more than a month to myself to the new school life.
A. adopt； to B. adjust； to
C. adapt； to D. suit； for
4. Our employees are encouraged to in the decision.
A. attended B. take
C. participate D. enter
5. A passer-by the accused break into a jewller’s shop. （witness）
一个过路人证明看到被告闯入珠宝店。
6. The current situation problems less studied by the government. （urge）
现在的形势要求应该对政府较少研究的问题给予更多的注意。
7. The young man computer games. （abandon）
这个年轻人除了沉溺玩电脑游戏外什么也不做。
8. Few Chinese students in Japan are concerned about politics， laws or regulations， ，political participation. （aware）
在日本的中国学生几乎没有人关心政治、法律或规章制度，他们同样也不知道参与政治。
1～4 ACBC
5. witnessed to having seen
6. urged that more attention （should） be given to
7. does nothing but abandon himself to playing
8. nor are they aware of
vt. 目击，当场见到；作证，证明
n. 目击者，证人，证据
Police have appealed for anyone who witnessed the incident to contact them.
警方呼吁凡是目击这一事件的人与他们联系。
The year 2008 witnessed the 29th Olympics opening in Beijing.
2008年见证了第29届奥运会在北京召开。
He witnessed to having seen the man enter the room.
他证明看到那个人进了房间。
His good health is a witness to the success of the treatment.
他的健康证明这种疗法是成功的。
The witness who witnessed the incident gave witness to the police and promised to be a witness.
这场事故的目击者向警察提交了证据并且答应作证。
【搭配】
witness sth 目击某事
witness to sth/doing sth 为……作证
witness that 证明，作证说
witness for 为……辩护，为……作证
witness against 对……作不利的证明
a witness to sth 某事的见证人
give witness on behalf of 替……作证
【辨析】
A beautiful girl is reading a book（看书） in the library， and a boy stares at her（盯着她看），a man glances at them（瞥了一眼）， at this time an old woman glares at them（瞪着他们）. I witness（目睹）all of this.
flee
vi./vt. 逃走，逃避；消失，消散
Many of the people have fled to escape the floods.
许多人为躲避洪水逃到了山上。
Why does he always flee any kind of responsibility？
他为什么总是逃避任何责任？
His hope fled when he lost the election.
当他落选时，他的希望破灭了。
【搭配】
flee from 从……逃走
flee to 逃到
flee the responsibility 逃避责任
【辨析】
flee 主要是指遇到危险或威胁时逃离、避开， flee另外还有“消失、消散”的意思。
escape 主要指“（有计划地）逃脱”，还可指精神上的逃避或退避。
urge
vt. 催促，极力主张；驱策
n. 冲动，强烈的欲望
Kate’s family urged her to find anther job.
凯特的家人催促她去找另一份工作。
The report urged that all children （should） be taught to swim.
这份报告呼吁给所有的儿童教授游泳。
He urged on his pupils the importance of hard work.
他向学生们力陈努力学习的重要性。
I was embarrassed but I fought the urge to run off the stage.
我感到很尴尬，但是我抑制住了想跑下台的冲动。
【搭配】
urge sb/sth on ... 催促某人/某物前进
urge sb to do sth 催促某人做某事
urge that ... 极力主张，强调（从句谓语形式为（should）+动词原形）
It is urged that ... 坚决要求（从句谓语动词为（should）+动词原形）
【拓展】
urgent adj. 紧急的，迫切的
in urgent need of money 迫切需要钱
abandon
vt. 遗产，抛弃，放弃，中止；（与oneself连用）使放纵，听任
n. 放纵，放纵
Rescuers abandoned all hope of family any more survivors of the crash.
援救人员完全放弃了会再找到坠机生还者的希望。
The search for the missing sailors was abandoned after two days.
两天后，搜索失踪船员的工作停止了。
Hong Zhanhui brought up a girl abandoned by her parents. 洪战辉抚养了一个被父母遗弃的女孩。
The match was abandoned because of bad weather.
比赛因天气恶劣取消了。
abandon one’s hope/plan 放弃希望/计划
abandon doing sth 放弃做某事
abandon oneself to 沉湎于……，纵情于
with abandon 放纵地
【辨析】
abandon （完全，永远地）放弃
desert 强调故意违背自己的义务、责任或誓言等（擅离职守）
quit （突然或出其不意地）放弃
reflect
vi./vt. 思考
vt. 映射，反射
When the sun’s rays hit the earth， a lot of the heat is reflected back into space.
太阳光线照射到地球时，大量的热被反射回太空。
Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community.
我们的报纸旨在表达当地人的心声。
Mid-Autumn celebrations reflect Chinese traditions.
中秋节庆祝活动反映了中国的文化传统。
The trip to that city was eye-opening for everyone， and near its end， all the young people in our group began to reflect on what it had meant.
去那个城市旅行开阔了每个人的眼界。旅途快结束的时候，我们组所有年轻成员开始反思此行的意义。
【搭配】
reflect sb/sth in sth （镜，水等）映出某人/某物的影像
reflect sth from sth 以某物表面反射光热等
reflect on/upon sth 思考某事
【拓展】
reflection n. 映像，反射，城市，沉思
reflective adj. 沉思的
aware
adj. 意识到的，知道的
Many people are aware of the dangers of driving after drinking.
大多数人知道酒后开车的危险。
As far as I am aware， nobody has done anything about it.
据我所知，尚无人对此采取任何措施。
【搭配】
be/become aware of 意识到……
be aware that ... 知道/意识到……
make sb aware that 提醒某人……
make sb aware of sth 让某人注意……
【辨析】
be aware of 表示感官上的一种知觉
be conscious of 表示内心所意识到的感觉
adjust
vi./vt. 调整，调节，校正，适应，顺应
You can adjust this desk to the height of any child.
这桌子可以配合小孩的高度任意调整。
Watch out for sharp bends and adjust your speed accordingly.
当心急转弯并相应调整速度。
It took her a while to adjust to living alone after divorce.
她离婚后，过了一段时间才适应了单身生活。
adjust sth to ... 调整……以适应……
adjust to sth/doing sth 适应于……
adjust oneself to 使自己适应于……
adjust to=adapt to 适应……
【拓展】
adjustment n. 调整，调节，适应
make an adjustment 作出调整
Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation， Wang Ping apperared.
正在我努力适应这里的新环境时，这时王平出现了。
【注意】
adjust 适应，调整，校正
adapt 适应；改编
adopt 采纳，收养
participate
vi. 参加，参与
We want to encourage students to participate fully in the running of the college.
我们想鼓励学生完全参与学院的管理工作。
As far as I know， she didn’t participate in the discussion. 据我所知，她没有参加讨论。
participate with sb in sth 同某人参与某事
participate in sth/doing sth 参与（做）某事
【辨析】
participate 正式用词，侧重参加大型的团体活动并以积极的角色参与且发挥作用，如参加奥运会。
attend 侧重到场，不一定起作用，多用于参加会议、上课、婚礼、葬礼。
take part in 侧重积极参与群众性、集体性的事业或活动。
join 侧重加入某团体、组织、党派。
join in 侧重加入某一正在进行的具体活动，如讨论、游戏。
【拓展】
participant n. 参加者，参与者
1. The thieves have already the city， so it is difficult for the police to arrest them.
A. fled B. run away
C. escaped D. got rid of
2. Just as the clothes a person wears， the food he eats and the friends with whom he spends his time， his house his personality.
A. resembles B. strengthens
C. reflects D. shapes
3. To be honest， it took me more than a month to myself to the new school life.
A. adopt； to B. adjust； to
C. adapt； to D. suit； for
4. Our employees are encouraged to in the decision.
A. attended B. take
C. participate D. enter
5. A passer-by the accused break into a jewller’s shop. （witness）
一个过路人证明看到被告闯入珠宝店。
6. The current situation problems less studied by the government. （urge）
现在的形势要求应该对政府较少研究的问题给予更多的注意。
7. The young man computer games. （abandon）
这个年轻人除了沉溺玩电脑游戏外什么也不做。
8. Few Chinese students in Japan are concerned about politics， laws or regulations， ，political participation. （aware）
在日本的中国学生几乎没有人关心政治、法律或规章制度，他们同样也不知道参与政治。
1～4 ACBC
5. witnessed to having seen
6. urged that more attention （should） be given to
7. does nothing but abandon himself to playing
8. nor are they aware of