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病毒受抗体的中和作用可通过不同的机理产生。关于中和作用的过程,有人认为是单一的抗体分子封闭了病毒颗粒,提出“单一碰撞”模式。也有人注意到,在中和反应期间,感染性病毒——抗体复合物经常形成,这种复合物可受另外抗免疫球蛋白或补体的中和。因此,此复合物也被称为致敏性病毒。而单纯的病毒颗粒却不能受到此两种因素中任何一种的作用。这一事实支持“多种碰撞”模式。病毒致敏的意义并不完全明了。已假定致敏作用是导致中和作用出现的必要的初始阶段。然而,如果在空间位置上致敏抗体阻碍了另外的抗体附着于病毒表面位点上,那么致敏作用就有可能导致病毒中和作用的抑制。
Neutralization of the virus by antibodies can be produced by different mechanisms. Regarding the process of neutralization, it has been suggested that a single antibody molecule blocks the viral particles and proposes a “single-hit” pattern. It has also been noted that infectious virus-antibody complexes are often formed during neutralization reactions and that such complexes can be neutralized by additional anti-immunoglobulin or complement. Therefore, this complex is also called allergenic virus. The simple virus particles are not affected by either of these two factors. This fact supports “multiple collision ” mode. The significance of virus sensitization is not completely understood. It has been postulated that the sensitization is the necessary initial stage leading to the appearance of neutralization. However, if the sensitizing antibody in the steric position blocks the attachment of additional antibodies to the surface sites of the virus, sensitization may result in the inhibition of virus neutralization.