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摘要: 选取了上海环城绿带中30个水体, 以现场实测数据和解译的缓冲区土地利用类型为基础, 综合运用马尔科夫转移矩阵和相关性分析, 揭示了环城绿带的土地利用变化规律及其与水质的响应关系. 结果显示:绿带水体历年以Ⅳ类—劣Ⅴ类为主, 劣Ⅴ类水体占比呈逐年下降的趋势; 缓冲区内以建设用地、林地和草地为主, 三者合计占比约84.37%; 以建设用地的减少和裸地增加为主, 两者分别占总减少面积的48.95%和总增加面积的50.85%; 在300 m缓冲区尺度上, 草地对DO、Chla呈现正效应; 在500 m尺度上, 裸地是引起CODMn恶化的主要因素, 而耕地在两个尺度均与多个污染指标呈正相关.
关键词: 环城绿带; 内梅罗指数法; 马尔科夫转移矩阵; 土地利用变化
中图分类号: X522 文献标志码: A DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2021.04.010
Changes in water quality and land use structure in the green-belt area around Shanghai
CHEN Tida1,2,3,4, CUI Dan1,2,3,4, YUAN Yuxin1,2,3,4, LIU Jiamin1,2,3,4, HUANG Minsheng1,2,3,4, Li Ying1,2,3,4
(1. Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; 2. Institute of EcoChongming, Shanghai 202162, China; 3. Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China; 4. Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial EcoRestoration in Metropolitan Area (Ministry of Natural Resources), Shanghai 200062, China)
Abstract: In this paper, we study land use change and its effects on water quality for 30 water bodies in the green-belt area of Shanghai; the analysis is based on the Markov transfer matrix and Pearson correlation analysis of field data and interpreted land use types. The results show that: the water quality is dominated by Grade Ⅳ and lower Grade Ⅴ; the proportion of water bodies with lower Grade Ⅴ is decreasing year by year; the buffer zone is dominated by construction land, forest, and grassland, with a total proportion of about 84.37%; the increase in construction land and decrease in bare land, accounted for 48.95% of the total reduced area and 50.85% of the total increased area, respectively; on the 300 m buffer scale, grassland had a positive effect on DO and Chla; on the 500 m scale, bare land was the main factor for CODMn deterioration; and cultivated land was positively correlated with multiple pollution indicators at two scales.
Keywords: green-belt around the city; Nemero index method; Markov transition matrix; land use change
0 引 言
城市的發展改变着人类的生产方式, 同时也深刻影响着土地的利用方式, 改变了自然水文过程.例如, 不透水面积的增加, 土壤-植被协同削减径流污染这一效应无法得到有效体现, 导致径流裹挟着大量地表污染物进入水体造成污染[1-2]. 流域内自然植被的消失、农业用地和建设用地的增加是非点源污染的主要来源, 且两者具有相同的负面效果[3]. 此外, 土地与水体在某些时候会表现为竞争关系, 这主要表现在对土地的开发利用与水体保护之间的矛盾, 由此带来水体被填埋、隔断等诸多问题, 失去了水体的自然肌理, 水体反过来侵蚀土地, 进一步加剧了水体与土地的矛盾. 国内外众多研究表明, 土地利用与水环境质量之间有着紧密的联系. Wang等[4]在研究了上海城市、城郊、农村24年的水环境质量后, 认为经济增长与地表水环境质量呈现倒U形关系, 城市水环境已得到改善, 污染治理重心应从城市转移到农村和城郊地区. Zhao等[5]认为工业用地对水质的负面影响仅在较小尺度上表现出来,而城市的影响则随着规模的扩大而更加明显, 土地利用和水文条件对水质的影响随着空间尺度的增大而变得更加多样化. Rena等[6]对上海市从1947—1996年的50年黄浦江沿线水质与城市化、土地利用格局变化进行了分析, 表明非自然的土地利用与水质恶化关系密切, 工业用地面积对水质变异性的解释度达94%. 对于数量众多的绿带水体, 在治理与维护上要依照水体的同质性与异质性分门别类对待. 裸地和耕地在环城绿带缓冲区内占比很小, 但是对水环境影响显著, 应当严格控制裸地与耕地的面积, 同时要继续推进绿带的退耕还林、农村居住点拆迁等措施, 这也是维持环城绿带生态健康的基础.
[参 考 文 献]
[ 1 ]要志鑫, 孟庆岩, 孙震辉, 等. 不透水面与地表径流时空相关性研究—以杭州市主城区为例 [J]. 遥感学报, 2020, 24(2): 182-198.
[ 2 ]邵崴, 潘文斌. 城市不透水面与降雨径流关系研究 [J]. 亚热带资源与环境学报, 2012, 7(4): 20-27.
[ 3 ]LIU Y, LONG H, LI T, et al. Land use transitions and their effects on water environment in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China [J]. Land Use Policy, 2015, 47: 293-301.
[ 4 ]WANG J, DA L, SONG K, et al. Temporal variations of surface water quality in urban, suburban and rural areas during rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2008, 152(2): 387-393.
[ 5 ]ZHAO J, LIN L, YANG K, et al. Influences of land use on water quality in a reticular river network area: A case study in Shanghai, China [J]. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2015, 137: 20-29.
[ 6 ]RENA W, ZHONGA Y, MELIGRANAB J, et al. Urbanization, land use, and water quality in Shanghai. 1947-1996 [J]. Environment International, 2004, 29(5): 649-659.
[ 7 ]管群飞, 徐岭. 上海市环城绿带植物群落构建初步研究 [J]. 中国园林, 2009, 25(6): 92-94.
[ 8 ]徐岭. 环城绿带植物群落特征分析及优化探索 [J]. 上海农业科技, 2007(2): 71.
[ 9 ]黄昌发. 上海市城郊结合部河道水环境研究和整治对策 [D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2001.
[10]黄宝荣, 张慧智. 城乡结合部人-环境系统关系研究综述 [J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(23): 7607-7621.
[11]顾华东. 城乡结合部环境污染状况及治理对策 [J]. 华夏星火, 2004(9): 73-74.
[12]彭杰. 城乡结合部土地利用环境预警系统研究 [J]. 嘉兴学院学报, 2008, 20(2): 60-65.
[13]杨长福, 王殿鹏. 重庆市城乡结合部环境现状与对策研究 [J]. 重庆大学学报(社会科学版), 2006, 12(6): 13-18.
[14]徐彬, 林灿尧, 毛新伟. 内梅罗水污染指数法在太湖水质评价中的适用性分析 [J]. 水资源保护, 2014, 30(2): 38-40.
[15]兰文辉, 安海燕. 环境水质评价方法的分析与探讨 [J]. 干旱环境监测, 2002, 16(3): 167-169.
[16]MA L, NIU S, YANG L, et al. Dynamic analysis of land use/land cover change in Dunhuang oasis, China [C]//2009 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST 2009), 2009: 317-322.
[17]林卉, 藍月存, 许园园, 等. 南流江水质时空变化特征及影响因素研究 [J]. 绿色科技, 2020(10): 10-14.
[18]官宝红, 李君, 曾爱斌, 等. 杭州市城市土地利用对河流水质的影响 [J]. 资源科学, 2008(6): 857-863.
[19]王一舒, 吴仁人, 荣楠, 等. 西江下游流域水质与不同空间尺度土地利用的响应关系[J/OL]. 水资源保护, 2020. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/ detail/32.1356.TV.20201014.1149.002.html.
[20]SLIVA L, WILLIAMS D D. Buffer zone versus whole catchment approaches to studying land use impact on river water quality [J]. Water Research, 2001, 35(14): 3462-3472.
[21]DING J, JIANG Y, LIU Q, et al. Influences of the land use pattern on water quality in low-order streams of the Dongjiang River basin, China: A multi-scale analysis [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 551/552: 205-216.
[22]王浩. 宜兴城区地表径流对河道水质影响特征分析 [D]. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2017.
(责任编辑: 张 晶)
关键词: 环城绿带; 内梅罗指数法; 马尔科夫转移矩阵; 土地利用变化
中图分类号: X522 文献标志码: A DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2021.04.010
Changes in water quality and land use structure in the green-belt area around Shanghai
CHEN Tida1,2,3,4, CUI Dan1,2,3,4, YUAN Yuxin1,2,3,4, LIU Jiamin1,2,3,4, HUANG Minsheng1,2,3,4, Li Ying1,2,3,4
(1. Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; 2. Institute of EcoChongming, Shanghai 202162, China; 3. Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China; 4. Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial EcoRestoration in Metropolitan Area (Ministry of Natural Resources), Shanghai 200062, China)
Abstract: In this paper, we study land use change and its effects on water quality for 30 water bodies in the green-belt area of Shanghai; the analysis is based on the Markov transfer matrix and Pearson correlation analysis of field data and interpreted land use types. The results show that: the water quality is dominated by Grade Ⅳ and lower Grade Ⅴ; the proportion of water bodies with lower Grade Ⅴ is decreasing year by year; the buffer zone is dominated by construction land, forest, and grassland, with a total proportion of about 84.37%; the increase in construction land and decrease in bare land, accounted for 48.95% of the total reduced area and 50.85% of the total increased area, respectively; on the 300 m buffer scale, grassland had a positive effect on DO and Chla; on the 500 m scale, bare land was the main factor for CODMn deterioration; and cultivated land was positively correlated with multiple pollution indicators at two scales.
Keywords: green-belt around the city; Nemero index method; Markov transition matrix; land use change
0 引 言
城市的發展改变着人类的生产方式, 同时也深刻影响着土地的利用方式, 改变了自然水文过程.例如, 不透水面积的增加, 土壤-植被协同削减径流污染这一效应无法得到有效体现, 导致径流裹挟着大量地表污染物进入水体造成污染[1-2]. 流域内自然植被的消失、农业用地和建设用地的增加是非点源污染的主要来源, 且两者具有相同的负面效果[3]. 此外, 土地与水体在某些时候会表现为竞争关系, 这主要表现在对土地的开发利用与水体保护之间的矛盾, 由此带来水体被填埋、隔断等诸多问题, 失去了水体的自然肌理, 水体反过来侵蚀土地, 进一步加剧了水体与土地的矛盾. 国内外众多研究表明, 土地利用与水环境质量之间有着紧密的联系. Wang等[4]在研究了上海城市、城郊、农村24年的水环境质量后, 认为经济增长与地表水环境质量呈现倒U形关系, 城市水环境已得到改善, 污染治理重心应从城市转移到农村和城郊地区. Zhao等[5]认为工业用地对水质的负面影响仅在较小尺度上表现出来,而城市的影响则随着规模的扩大而更加明显, 土地利用和水文条件对水质的影响随着空间尺度的增大而变得更加多样化. Rena等[6]对上海市从1947—1996年的50年黄浦江沿线水质与城市化、土地利用格局变化进行了分析, 表明非自然的土地利用与水质恶化关系密切, 工业用地面积对水质变异性的解释度达94%. 对于数量众多的绿带水体, 在治理与维护上要依照水体的同质性与异质性分门别类对待. 裸地和耕地在环城绿带缓冲区内占比很小, 但是对水环境影响显著, 应当严格控制裸地与耕地的面积, 同时要继续推进绿带的退耕还林、农村居住点拆迁等措施, 这也是维持环城绿带生态健康的基础.
[参 考 文 献]
[ 1 ]要志鑫, 孟庆岩, 孙震辉, 等. 不透水面与地表径流时空相关性研究—以杭州市主城区为例 [J]. 遥感学报, 2020, 24(2): 182-198.
[ 2 ]邵崴, 潘文斌. 城市不透水面与降雨径流关系研究 [J]. 亚热带资源与环境学报, 2012, 7(4): 20-27.
[ 3 ]LIU Y, LONG H, LI T, et al. Land use transitions and their effects on water environment in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China [J]. Land Use Policy, 2015, 47: 293-301.
[ 4 ]WANG J, DA L, SONG K, et al. Temporal variations of surface water quality in urban, suburban and rural areas during rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2008, 152(2): 387-393.
[ 5 ]ZHAO J, LIN L, YANG K, et al. Influences of land use on water quality in a reticular river network area: A case study in Shanghai, China [J]. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2015, 137: 20-29.
[ 6 ]RENA W, ZHONGA Y, MELIGRANAB J, et al. Urbanization, land use, and water quality in Shanghai. 1947-1996 [J]. Environment International, 2004, 29(5): 649-659.
[ 7 ]管群飞, 徐岭. 上海市环城绿带植物群落构建初步研究 [J]. 中国园林, 2009, 25(6): 92-94.
[ 8 ]徐岭. 环城绿带植物群落特征分析及优化探索 [J]. 上海农业科技, 2007(2): 71.
[ 9 ]黄昌发. 上海市城郊结合部河道水环境研究和整治对策 [D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2001.
[10]黄宝荣, 张慧智. 城乡结合部人-环境系统关系研究综述 [J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(23): 7607-7621.
[11]顾华东. 城乡结合部环境污染状况及治理对策 [J]. 华夏星火, 2004(9): 73-74.
[12]彭杰. 城乡结合部土地利用环境预警系统研究 [J]. 嘉兴学院学报, 2008, 20(2): 60-65.
[13]杨长福, 王殿鹏. 重庆市城乡结合部环境现状与对策研究 [J]. 重庆大学学报(社会科学版), 2006, 12(6): 13-18.
[14]徐彬, 林灿尧, 毛新伟. 内梅罗水污染指数法在太湖水质评价中的适用性分析 [J]. 水资源保护, 2014, 30(2): 38-40.
[15]兰文辉, 安海燕. 环境水质评价方法的分析与探讨 [J]. 干旱环境监测, 2002, 16(3): 167-169.
[16]MA L, NIU S, YANG L, et al. Dynamic analysis of land use/land cover change in Dunhuang oasis, China [C]//2009 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST 2009), 2009: 317-322.
[17]林卉, 藍月存, 许园园, 等. 南流江水质时空变化特征及影响因素研究 [J]. 绿色科技, 2020(10): 10-14.
[18]官宝红, 李君, 曾爱斌, 等. 杭州市城市土地利用对河流水质的影响 [J]. 资源科学, 2008(6): 857-863.
[19]王一舒, 吴仁人, 荣楠, 等. 西江下游流域水质与不同空间尺度土地利用的响应关系[J/OL]. 水资源保护, 2020. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/ detail/32.1356.TV.20201014.1149.002.html.
[20]SLIVA L, WILLIAMS D D. Buffer zone versus whole catchment approaches to studying land use impact on river water quality [J]. Water Research, 2001, 35(14): 3462-3472.
[21]DING J, JIANG Y, LIU Q, et al. Influences of the land use pattern on water quality in low-order streams of the Dongjiang River basin, China: A multi-scale analysis [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 551/552: 205-216.
[22]王浩. 宜兴城区地表径流对河道水质影响特征分析 [D]. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2017.
(责任编辑: 张 晶)