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“做会”是近代小农资产运作的一种常见方式。“会”其实是一种和土地等不动产类似的、可以被任意处分的“物权”。而作为一种经济组织,“会”又具备了“法人”的某些特征。“会”这种特殊经济组织在近代大量出现,表明了传统社会小农具备高度灵活地处理财产和一定的应付社会风险的能力。这种能力扎根于中国传统社会后期的基层组织、法律和财产观念变迁的环境之中。清中期至民国,“会”在各地普遍出现,表明“会”并不是某些地区特有的产物。我们应从传统社会基层组织、法律和财产观念变迁的角度去寻找其兴盛的原因,而不是简单化地将“会”的兴盛归因于区域性商业兴起。
“To do ” is a common way of modern smallholder assets operation. “Will ” is actually a property similar to land and other real property that can be punished arbitrarily. As an economic organization, “will ” has some of the features of “legal person ”. The emergence of a large number of special economic organizations such as “will” in the modern era shows the ability of smallholders in traditional societies to be highly flexible in handling property and meeting certain social risks. This ability is rooted in the changing circumstances of grassroots organizations, law and property in the late traditional Chinese society. From the mid-Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, “” “will” appear everywhere, indicating that “will ” is not a peculiar product of some areas. We should look for reasons for its prosperity from the perspective of changes in grass-roots organizations, laws and property concepts in the traditional society, instead of simplifying the rise of “society” to the rise of regional commerce.