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灾难,字面意义为,天灾人祸造成的严重损害与痛苦——特定时间里的突发事件的直接后果。灾难具有不可预测与不可抗拒性。灾难分自然灾难、生态灾难、人为灾难。自然灾难包括地震、雪灾、海啸、龙卷风、旱灾、洪灾、台风、冰冻、雹灾、火山、滑坡、泥石流、森林灾难、病虫害等等;生态灾难是指生态系统的结构与功能遭受破坏,物质与能量的输入输出不平衡,造成系统成分残缺(如生物多样性减少等)、结构变化(如动物种群的突增突减、食物链的改变等)、能量流动受阻、物质循环中断等等;人为灾难包括恐怖袭击、操作失误、病毒、生态破坏、火灾,甚至人造地震等等。灾难究竟能不能预测?灾难究竟能不能避免?灾难来临,我们该如何应对?
Catastrophe, literally, grave damage and suffering caused by natural or man-made disasters - a direct consequence of an emergency at a given time. Disaster is unpredictable and irresistible. Disaster is divided into natural disasters, ecological disasters, man-made disasters. Natural disasters include earthquakes, snowstorms, tsunamis, tornadoes, droughts, floods, typhoons, freezing, hail, volcanoes, landslides, debris flows, forest disasters, pests and diseases, etc. Ecological disasters are the destruction of the structure and function of ecosystems, (Such as reduced biodiversity, etc.), structural changes (such as abrupt rise and fall of animal populations, changes in the food chain, etc.), interruption of energy flow, disruption of material circulation, etc. Man-made disasters include Terrorist attacks, operational errors, viruses, ecological damage, fires and even man-made earthquakes. Can a disaster be unpredictable? Can a disaster be avoided? How can we cope with a disaster?