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运用微小环境结合问卷调查的方法,以在北京市区的初步调查为例,选择了几种主要的空气污染物——二氧化氮、二氧化硫、氨、甲醛、氡、苯和甲苯作为检测评价的对象,评价了北京市居民的各污染物的暴露,并在此基础上分析探讨其对北京市居民所产生的非致癌风险和致癌风险。结果表明,大部分暴露量源于室内环境;对于非致癌风险,在非新装修环境中,除苯之外,各年龄层次人群对各种污染物的危害商值均<1,基本不对人体构成危害,苯的危害商值都>1,可能对人体产生健康危害;在新装修的环境中,甲醛、苯和甲苯的危害商值明显高于非新装修的环境,甲醛和苯的危害商值都>1,特别是对学龄前儿童危害更大。评价结果还表明,对于致癌风险,北京市区居民来自甲醛和苯的风险值都超出安全值范围(10~(-4)～10~(-6)),氡对吸烟人群的致癌风险远大于非吸烟人群,每年因氡、甲醛和苯而产生的癌症病例约为285人,共占北京市区每年新增癌症病例的1.57%。室内污染特别是因装修引起的室内污染应得到重视。
Taking the micro-environment combined with questionnaire survey and taking the preliminary investigation in Beijing as an example, several major air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, formaldehyde, radon, benzene and toluene, were selected for evaluation Object, evaluated the residents of Beijing’s exposure to various pollutants, and on the basis of analysis to explore its residents in Beijing non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk. The results showed that most of the exposure was from the indoor environment. For non-carcinogenic risks, the value of harm to all kinds of pollutants except non-renovated environment was less than 1 for benzene of all ages, Hazard, the damage of benzene Shangqian> 1, may cause health hazards to the human body; in the newly renovated environment, formaldehyde, benzene and toluene damage was significantly higher than the value of non-renovated environment, the value of formaldehyde and benzene damage All> 1, especially for preschool children more harmful. The results of the evaluation also showed that for the carcinogenic risk, the risk values of formaldehyde and benzene in Beijing urban residents exceeded the safe value range (10 -4 to 10 -6), and the carcinogenic risk of radon to smokers was far greater than In non-smokers, there are about 285 cancer cases each year caused by radon, formaldehyde and benzene, accounting for 1.57% of the annual new cancer cases in Beijing. Indoor pollution, especially indoor pollution caused by decoration should be taken seriously.