目的:分析小儿急性下呼吸道感染病原学特征并探讨其与哮喘发作的相关性。方法:选取我院儿科门诊收治的2 356例急性下呼吸道感染患儿作为研究对象,取鼻咽深部分泌物,利用直接免疫荧光法对分泌物进行检测。荧光免疫实验测定患儿血清特异性Ig E水平,以lg E≥0.35 IU/m L作为特异性诊断标准;流式细胞仪检测患儿血液嗜酸粒细胞(TEC)的数量。结果:(1)2 356例急性呼吸道感染患儿中,阳性病毒检出371例(15.75%)。不同性别间阳性病毒检出率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=12.365,P>0.05);不同年龄段患儿阳性病毒检出率比较差异有统计学意义,1岁以内患儿病毒阳性检出率最高,随着患儿年龄增大,病毒阳性检出率越低。(2)2 356例患儿鼻咽深部分泌物共检出5种常见病毒,分别为呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(AV)、流感病毒(IFV)、副流感病毒3型(PIV3)以及鼻病毒(RV),其中RSV阳性检出率最高271例(73.05%),PIV3阳性检出率次之44例(11.86%)。(3)AV感染易导致患儿肺炎的发作,IFV感染易导致患儿支气管炎的发作,RSV感染易导致患儿产生毛细支气管炎,RV和IFV感染则容易引起患儿哮喘发作。结论:小儿急性下呼吸道感染与哮喘发作密切相关;RV和IFV具有特异敏感性,是引起患儿哮喘发作的主要病因。 Objective: To analyze the etiological characteristics of children with acute lower respiratory tract infection and to explore its correlation with asthma attacks. Methods: A total of 2 356 children with acute lower respiratory tract infection admitted to pediatric outpatient department of our hospital were selected as the research object. Deep secretions of the nasopharynx were obtained and secretions were detected by direct immunofluorescence. Fluorescence immunoassay was used to measure the level of IgE in children with lg E≥0.35 IU / m L as the specific diagnostic criteria. The number of blood eosinophils (TECs) was detected by flow cytometry. Results (1) Of the 2 356 children with acute respiratory infection, 371 (15.75%) were positive for the positive virus. There was no significant difference in the positive rate of positive virus among different sexes (χ2 = 12.365, P> 0.05). There was significant difference in the positive rate of positive virus among children of different ages, The highest rate, as children age, the lower the positive rate of the virus. (2) Five common viruses were detected in deep nasopharyngeal secretions from 2 356 children, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (AV), influenza virus (IFV), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3 ) And rhinovirus (RV). The highest positive rate of RSV was 271 (73.05%) and the second was PIV3 (44.8%). (3) AV infection easily lead to pneumonia in children, IFV infection can easily lead to bronchitis in children with onset, RSV infection easily lead to bronchiolitis in children, RV and IFV infection is likely to cause asthma attacks in children. Conclusion: Acute lower respiratory tract infection in children is closely related to the onset of asthma. RV and IFV have specific sensitivity and are the main causes of asthma attacks in children.