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在马克思关于人的理论中,有几个不同的人学基本范畴,它们是马克思在分析人的问题时经常使用的。这些关于人的总体范畴有个人、实践、活动、生活以及存在等,其中存在范畴是与其它范畴的现实涵义相同的,是在同一语义上被马克思使用着的。例如,马克思认为人的存在也即人的活动,他说:“我本身的存在就是社会的活动。”“存在”是从人的本体角度说的,“活动”则是从实践角度说的。又如存在也即生活,他说:“人们的存在就是他们的实际生活过程。”“生活”是从人的生存过程角度说的。马克思的这些人学范畴对后来的西方思想史,——在更大范围内是对世界的社会运动——发生了巨大影响。
In Marx’s theory of man, there are several different categories of people who learn the basic categories that Marx often uses in analyzing human problems. These general categories of people are personal, practice, activity, life and existence. The category of existence is the same as that of other categories and is used by Marx in the same semantics. For example, Marx considers human existence as human activity, saying: “My own existence is the activity of society.” “Being” is from the perspective of human nature, and “activity” is from the practical point of view. Another example is the existence that is life, he said: “People’s existence is their actual life process.” “Life” is from the point of view of people’s survival process. These anthropological categories of Marx have had a tremendous impact on the later history of Western thought, to a greater extent, the social movements of the world.