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约翰·邓·司各脱是中世纪盛期著名的苏格兰经院神学家和哲学家,其自然法学说在调和上帝意志与人的理性方面做出了独特贡献。作者在文中阐述了司各脱的自然法学说如何实现了对于人的自然理性以及在此基础上建构起来的理性伦理学体系的捍卫。文章指出,司各脱通过为自然法设定概念必要性这一形式标准而区分了严格意义上的自然法与宽泛意义上的自然法。由于一切行动的终极目的是达到至高善,而至高善是与上帝同一的。因此唯一能够属于严格意义上的自然法的命令是那些拥有上帝本身作为其目标的命令,而所有其他命令则属于更宽泛意义上的自然法。在这种区分中,“同意”概念的提出具有至关重要的作用。作者认为,司各脱在捍卫人的自然理性的同时,并没有否定神圣意志的根本价值。
John D. Scott, a well-known Scottish scholastic theologian and philosopher of the Middle Ages, whose natural law doctrines made a unique contribution to reconciling God’s will and human reason. In the article, the author expounds how Skatoe’s natural law theory has realized the defense of man’s natural rationality and the rational ethics system built on it. The article points out that Judo divides natural law in the strict sense and natural law in its broadest sense by setting the formal standard of necessity of nature law. Because the ultimate goal of all actions is to reach supremacy, and supreme good is the same with God. Thus the only commands that can belong to the strict laws of natural law are those that have God Himself as their goal, and all other commands belong to the more natural law of nature. In this distinction, the concept of “consent ” has a crucial role to play. The author believes that, while defending the natural rationality of mankind, Scott does not negate the fundamental value of divine will.