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2.作为社会科学的历史学 a.古典历史主义的危机 19世纪历史研究和历史编纂学中精神科学(Geisteswissenschaft)的开端,应该从这一时代的社会政治情况的整体关系加以观察;在这个时代里,一方面是资本主义的经济体系得到了贯彻,另一方面是工业社会的整体规模还不明显。19世纪末期,对于以前只是偶尔为人注意的、而在历史研究与历史编纂学中得到国际承认的科学概念与科学实践的不满增强了。在德国、法国、美国和其他的地方出现了一场对于历史研究与历史
2. History as a Social Science a. Crisis of Classical Historicism The beginning of the Geisteswissenschaft in historical research and historiography of the 19th century should be viewed from the overall relationship of the socio-political conditions of this era; in this day and age On the one hand, the capitalist economic system has been implemented; on the other hand, the overall size of industrial society is not yet clear. In the late 19th century, grudges against scientific concepts and scientific practices that were internationally recognized in historical research and historiography were only occasionally noticed. In Germany, France, the United States and elsewhere there has been a historical study and history