Numerous trials have demonstrated survival benefits using implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICDs) for primary prevention in selected patients with left ventricular(LV) systolic dysfunction. However, eligibility criteria differed across these trials. Without a risk stratification scheme that clearly identifies those who will benefit, there remains debate about which patients with heart failure(HF) should receive ICDs for primary prevention. To explore the implications of applying different eligibility criteria, this study evaluated all patients seen in a specialized HF clinic from August 2003 to January 2004. Of the 309 consecutive patients in the cohort, 46 were excluded because their HF complicated recent myocardial infarcts(n=3); their LV ejection fractions were not measured(n=9); or their HF was due to valvular disease, myocarditis, or peripartum cardiomyopathy(n=34). The Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-II criteria were met by 85 patients(32% ), and 134 patients(51% ) met the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial criteria. Even allocation decisions based on randomized trial evidence can have vastly different resource implications depending on which trial is chosen. Thus, the development and validation of a risk stratification scheme to identify those patients most likely to benefit from ICDs for primary prophylaxis should be a research priority. Numerous trials have been survival benefits using implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) for primary prevention in selected patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. However, eligibility criteria differed across these trials. Without a risk stratification scheme that clearly identifies those who will benefit, there remains debate about who patients with heart failure (HF) should receive ICDs for primary prevention. To explore the implications of applying different eligibility criteria, this study evaluated all patients seen in a specialized HF clinic from August 2003 to January 2004. Of the 309 consecutive patients in the cohort, 46 were excluded due to their HF complicated recent myocardial infarcts (n = 3); their LV ejection fractions were not measured (n = 9); or their HF was due to valvular disease, myocarditis, or peripartum cardiomyopathy n = 34) The Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-II criteria were met by 85 patients (32%), and 134 Even (51%) met the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial criteria. Even allocation decisions based on randomized trial evidence can have vastly different resource implications regarding which trial is chosen. Thus, the development and validation of a risk stratification scheme to identify those patients most likely to benefit from ICDs for primary prophylaxis should be a research priority.