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美国在国家豁免领域的立法与实践极为丰富。其《外国主权豁免法》在文本设计上虽然存在不少缺陷,但经过大量司法判例和解释对法律条文的及时补充,其灵活性和适应性日益增强。其中,分析和判定豁免例外中的商业例外问题最为实务界看重,因为其很大程度上决定外国是否享有豁免。要确定是否适用商业行为例外条款,首先需要界定哪些行为是构成诉讼基础的特定行为,是否符合“基于”的要求;其次要根据相关行为的性质而不是目的确定该行为是主权行为还是商业行为;最后,如果该行为被认定为是商业性质的,则需要判定其是否符合与美国具有司法管辖联系的条件之一。美国上述立法与实践对于我国进行国家豁免相关立法,尤其是有关商业例外的制度设计有着借鉴意义。
The United States is extremely rich in legislation and practice in the field of state immunity. Although there are many defects in the text design of the Foreign Sovereignty Exemption Law, its flexibility and adaptability are increasingly enhanced after a large number of judicial precedents and explanations are supplemented in time. Among them, the analysis and determination of commercial exceptions in the exemption exemption is most important to the practitioners because it largely determines whether foreign countries enjoy exemption. To determine whether a business behavior exception applies, it is first necessary to define which behaviors are specific behaviors that form the basis of the lawsuit, comply with “based ” requirements, and secondly determine whether the behavior is sovereign or commercial based on the nature of the relevant act and not the purpose Finally, if the conduct is considered commercial, it is necessary to determine whether it is in conformity with one of the conditions for having jurisdiction over the United States. The above-mentioned legislation and practice in the United States have reference significance for our country’s legislation on state immunity, especially on the design of commercial exceptions.