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The nanoparticles (NPs) from polyvinyl butyrate (PVBu) which can work as an orally applicable donor of butyrate for intestine were prepared.Immunotolerance inducing molecules such as vitamin D3 and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) were incorporated into PVBu NPs.The alteration in populations and numbers of DC103+dendritic cells (DC) and regulatory T (Treg) cells in intestinal immune tissues were examined after oral administration of NPs.It was found that NPs reduced the population of CD103+ DC and Treg cells in Peyer's patched in lower part of the intestine and inversely increased the population of CD103+ DC in mesenteric lymph node (MLN),while the population of Treg cells in MLN was unchanged.These observations indicate that NPs may enhance the immunotolerance at MLN and lamina propria toward luminal antigens,indicating the promising features of PVBu NPs as therapeutics of allergy and autoimmune diseases.