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考情速递
情态动词的命题方向主要在情态动词表示推测性的用法上,特别是对过去的推测,也会出现情态动词表示可能性、必要性或请求等基本含义在语境中的灵活运用。试题的立意不会太偏,但是有效信息将会越来越隐蔽,情境会越来越生动、真实,考查角度也会越来越细微化、综合化,而这些因素都可能增加试题的难度。
虚拟语气的命题方向主要围绕在非真实条件句的基本用法上,同时,也会考查虚拟语气在其他从句中的使用,特别是名词性从句中“(should+)动词原形”的用法,及其基本含义在语境中的灵活运用。
考点突破
【考点1】?摇表示推测的情态动词
情态动词表示推测的可能性由弱到强的排列顺序如下:
might→may→could→can→should→ought to→would→will→must
may/might常用于表示现在或将来的主观上的推测,可能性较小。
can/could常指情况允许的可能性,主要用于疑问句、否定句,在肯定句中can表示逻辑上的或理论上的可能性,并不涉及具体的可能性。
ought to/should表示根据情况,按道理应该会。
will/would表示某种必然进程的可能性,往往指由于客观的条件必然会导致某种情况的发生。
must指根据事实断定所说的事是事实,或至少非常可能是事实,通常只用于肯定句。must 的否定形式为can? t/cannot。
—Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门。
—It might/may be Jim.(But I? m not sure.)可能是吉姆。(但我没有把握)
—It could/can be Jim.(Sometimes he comes this time.)可能是吉姆。(有时他这时候来)
—It should/ought to be Jim.(He? s made a promise to come.)应该是吉姆。(他已经答应了要来)
—It must be Jim.(I can read his step.)肯定是吉姆。(我能听出他的脚步声)
【考例】选词填空
1.(2015年重庆卷)You (must,can) be Carol.You haven? t changed a bit after all these years.
2.(2015年陕西卷)You (need,may) feel all the training a waste of time,but I? m a hundred percent sure later you? ll be grateful you did it.
3.(2014年全国卷)Although you (can,should) find bargains in London,it? s not generally a cheap place to shop.
4.(2014年江西卷)Life is unpredictable; even the poorest (shall,might) become the richest.
【考点2】表示许可的情态动词
(1)用于第一人称,在肯定陈述句中,may是正式文体,might是旧体用法,can是口语体。意思是“我(们)获准做某事”。
I may hand in the assignment next Monday.(老师)允许我下周一交上作业。
We might leave the school only at weekends.我们只有在周末才准许离校。
(2)用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人的允许或拒绝。在否定句中,正式场合用may not。 cannot 有时表示“不准”,相当于mustn? t。
Eudora may attend the make-up exam to gain credits.尤杜拉可以参加补考取得学分。
You may not leave all the things about.你不能把所有的东西到处乱放。
【拓展记忆】表示请求、许可时,正式文体和比较客气的场合用May/Might I...?但现代英语中更广泛地使用Can/Could I...?
【考例】选词填空
1.(2014年北京卷) (Can,Must) I have a word with you? It won? t take long.
2.(2014年北京卷)You (cannot,needn? t) play football in the street.It?s somewhat dangerous.
【考点3】表示义务与责任的情态动词
must/have to/ought to/should都可表示“必须,应该”,但所表达的角度不同。
must表示说话人的主观意志,表示说话人有信心、认为应该如此、一定能做到,从某种角度上反映了说话人的权威。
have to表示客观需要,主要涉及外界义务。
ought to/should表示说话人提醒主语注意其责任和义务或劝告主语,暗含“按道理应该如此”之意,往往表现了说话人的信心不足。
mustn?t指不允许,shouldn? t 和oughtn? t to表示不应该。征求意见时常用should,很少用 ought to。 You must keep silent while the baby is sleeping.你必须保持安静,婴儿在睡觉。
You have to sign before you become a member of the club.你得先注册才能成为这个俱乐部的会员。
Jane ought to write me.She promised it.简该给我写信,她答应的。
Should I stay here until you come? 我应该待到你来吗?
【考例】选词填空
1.(2015年四川卷)You (must,may) be careful with the camera.It costs!
2.(2014年江苏卷)It was sad to me that they,so poor themselves, (would,should) bring me food.
3.(2014年湖南卷)— I? ve prepared all kinds of food for the picnic.
—Do you mean we (can? t,needn? t) bring anything with us?
【考点4】“情态动词+have done”结构
“情态动词+have done”有两个主要的用法:一是表示对过去发生的动作或状态的推测或估计,二是表示对过去发生的动作的遗憾或责备。
1.表示推测或估计
(1)must have done,只用于肯定句,表示对过去发生的动作的有把握推测,具有较大的可能性。它的否定形式是can? t/couldn? t have done。
It must have rained last night,for the streets are wet.昨晚肯定下雨了,因为街道是湿的。
(2)can/could have done,通常用于疑问句和否定句(could have done有时可用于肯定句),表示对过去事实的推测,可译为“可能已经”。否定语气较强。
She didn? t come to school yesterday.Can she have been ill? 她昨天没来学校,难道她生病了?
He could not have done such a thing.他不可能干出那样的事。(语气较cannot have done婉转些)
(3)may/might have done,通常用于肯定句或否定句,意为“大概已经”,表示对过去事实不太肯定的推测。
It is 8 o? clock.They may have arrived.现在是8点钟。他们可能已经到了。
He looks very happy.He might not have known the result.他看上去很高兴。他也许还不知道结果。
(4)should have done,表示“应该”,可能性较小。
They left here early and should have arrived by now.他们一早就离开了这里,现在应该已经到了。
(5)will have done,对已发生的事情表示推测。
The guests will have arrived by now.客人们现在大概已经到了。
2.表示遗憾或责备
(1)must have done,用于虚拟语气中时,表示对过去能做到而未做的事感到惋惜。
You must have caught the bus if you had got up earlier.
如果你早一点儿起床的话,你准能赶上那一班公共汽车。
(2)could have done,通常用于肯定句,表示对过去能做到而未做的事感到惋惜、遗憾。
She could have given us a better impression,but she wore a very short mini skirt.
她本来能给我们留下好印象,但她穿了很短的迷你裙。
(3)might have done,通常用于肯定句,表示“本可以”,含有轻微的责备或遗憾。
You might have helped your classmate out of his difficulty.
你本可以帮助你的同学解决困难的。(but you didn? t)
(4)should have done,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句,表示该做而实际未做或不该做却做了,含有责备的意思。
You should have bought me a camera rather than an MP4 for my birthday.
你本应该给我买一个相机而不是一个MP4作为生日礼物。
(5)ought to have done,用法和含义同should have done。
She ought not to have kept us waiting so long.
她不应该让我们等那么长时间。
(6)needn? t have done,只用于否定句,表示“本没有必要做某事,可却做了”。
There was plenty of time left.We needn? t have hurried. 还剩下足够多的时间,我们本没有必要匆匆忙忙的。
【考例】选词填空
1.(2015年福建卷)—Sorry,Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh,it? s too bad.You (must,should) have made full preparations.
2.(2015年天津卷)I (needn? t,mightn? t) have worried before I came to the new school,for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
3.(2014年陕西卷)My book,The House of Hades,is missing.Who (could,must) have taken it?
4.(2013年浙江卷)I (wouldn? t,couldn? t) have enjoyed myself more—it was a perfect day.
5.(2013年陕西卷)The children (must,should) have got lost in the woods; otherwise,they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled.
【考点5】三种基本的虚拟条件句
英语中使用虚拟语气的情况比较多,而在带有非真实条件句的复合句中则最为普遍。非真实条件句指的是与现在的事实、过去的事实或将来的事实相反的假设,其在从句和主句中的谓语动词形式比较特殊,也比较有规律。
If they had time,they would go hiking.如果他们有时间的话,就会去徒步旅行的。
If John had not hurt his leg,he would have won the race.如果John的腿没有受伤,他会赢得比赛的。
If he had more time tomorrow,he would lend his help to the work.如果他明天有时间的话,他会来帮忙的。(可能性较小)
If she should refuse,they could be greatly disappointed.如果她拒绝了,他们会很失望的。(可能性很小)
If I were to do it,I would do it in a different way.要是我来做这件事,我会用不同的方式来做。(可能性最小)
【考例】用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1.(2015年北京卷)If I (not see) it with my own eyes,I wouldn? t have believed it.
2.(2014年北京卷)We (be) back in the hotel now if you didn? t lose the map.
3.(2014年湖南卷)If Mr.Dewey (be) present,he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.
4.(2013年天津卷)If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before,he (be)
able to speak it much better now.
【考点6】宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)表示主观判断、推测、建议、命令和要求的动词后的宾语从句中,常采用“should+do”型虚拟语气形式。这类动词包括advise(劝告)、ask(要求)、decide(决定)、insist(坚持)、order(下令)、suggest(建议)、command(命令)、demand(要求)、desire(渴望)、propose(提议)、recommend(劝告)、require(要求)等。
He insisted that a deadline (should) be set for completing the task.他要求定出一个完成任务的期限。
The doctor suggested that he(should) try to lose his weight.医生建议他尽量减肥。
I recommend that you all (should) be diligent if you want to pass the exam.如果你们想通过这次考试,我劝你们要勤奋学习。
【疑难辨析】
动词insist如不表示“要求”,而表示“坚持己见”时,宾语从句用陈述语气。同样,当suggest所表示的意思为“表明”或 “暗示”时,也不采用“should+do”型虚拟语气形式。
Jane insisted that she had done nothing wrong and that she should be treated properly.简坚持说她没有做错事,并认为她应该得到合理的对待。
The surprised look on his face suggested that he did not believe the fact.
他脸上吃惊的表情表明他不相信这个事实。
(2)wish后的宾语从句中用“were/did”结构虚拟语气来表示目前不可能实现的愿望,用“had+过去分词”结构表示过去未实现的愿望,用“would+do”结构表示将来难以实现的愿望。 I wish I were as tall as Yao Ming.我希望和姚明一样高。(实际上不可能)
I wish I knew as much as you do.要是我懂的像你那样多就好了。(实际上懂的没你多)
I wish he had not seen us.他要是没看见我们就好了。(实际上他已经看见了我们)
I wish that my son would stop hanging about and do something useful.我希望我的儿子停止四处闲荡,而做些有用的事。(事实上儿子可能会很难悔改)
【疑难辨析】
wish一般表示“希望、但愿”,往往指不可能实现的愿望,后接从句时要用虚拟语气;
hope表示“希望”,通常指可以实现的愿望,后接从句时用陈述语气。
I wish I had wings.要是我有翅膀就好了!
I hope you? ll be better soon.我希望你能很快好起来。
【考例】用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1.(2015年陕西卷)Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I (dance) as well as her.
2.(2015年天津卷)I wish I (be) at my sister? s wedding last Tuesday,but I was on a business trip in New York then.
3.(2013年陕西卷)My mom suggests that we (eat) out for a change this weekend.
4.(2013年浙江卷)Eye doctors recommend that a child? s first eye exam (be) at the age of six month old.
【考点7】as if 或as though引导的从句中的虚拟语气
在由as if 或as though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中,用“were/did”型虚拟语气表示与现在事实不相符,用“had+过去分词”结构表示其所陈述的内容与过去事实或情况相反,用“would+do”结构表示其所陈述的内容与将来事实或情况可能相反。
【考例】用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1. (2014年重庆卷)It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I
(do) it?
2.(2012年北京卷)Don? t handle the vase as if it (be) made of steel.
参考答案
【考点1】1.must 2.may 3.can 4.might
【考点2】1.Can 2.cannot
【考点3】1.must 2.should 3.needn t
【考点4】1.should 2.needn? t 3.could 4.couldn? t 5.must
【考点5】1.hadn? t seen 2.would be 3.had been 4.would be
【考点6】1.danced 2.had been 3.should eat 4.be
【考点7】1.had done 2.were
情态动词的命题方向主要在情态动词表示推测性的用法上,特别是对过去的推测,也会出现情态动词表示可能性、必要性或请求等基本含义在语境中的灵活运用。试题的立意不会太偏,但是有效信息将会越来越隐蔽,情境会越来越生动、真实,考查角度也会越来越细微化、综合化,而这些因素都可能增加试题的难度。
虚拟语气的命题方向主要围绕在非真实条件句的基本用法上,同时,也会考查虚拟语气在其他从句中的使用,特别是名词性从句中“(should+)动词原形”的用法,及其基本含义在语境中的灵活运用。
考点突破
【考点1】?摇表示推测的情态动词
情态动词表示推测的可能性由弱到强的排列顺序如下:
might→may→could→can→should→ought to→would→will→must
may/might常用于表示现在或将来的主观上的推测,可能性较小。
can/could常指情况允许的可能性,主要用于疑问句、否定句,在肯定句中can表示逻辑上的或理论上的可能性,并不涉及具体的可能性。
ought to/should表示根据情况,按道理应该会。
will/would表示某种必然进程的可能性,往往指由于客观的条件必然会导致某种情况的发生。
must指根据事实断定所说的事是事实,或至少非常可能是事实,通常只用于肯定句。must 的否定形式为can? t/cannot。
—Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门。
—It might/may be Jim.(But I? m not sure.)可能是吉姆。(但我没有把握)
—It could/can be Jim.(Sometimes he comes this time.)可能是吉姆。(有时他这时候来)
—It should/ought to be Jim.(He? s made a promise to come.)应该是吉姆。(他已经答应了要来)
—It must be Jim.(I can read his step.)肯定是吉姆。(我能听出他的脚步声)
【考例】选词填空
1.(2015年重庆卷)You (must,can) be Carol.You haven? t changed a bit after all these years.
2.(2015年陕西卷)You (need,may) feel all the training a waste of time,but I? m a hundred percent sure later you? ll be grateful you did it.
3.(2014年全国卷)Although you (can,should) find bargains in London,it? s not generally a cheap place to shop.
4.(2014年江西卷)Life is unpredictable; even the poorest (shall,might) become the richest.
【考点2】表示许可的情态动词
(1)用于第一人称,在肯定陈述句中,may是正式文体,might是旧体用法,can是口语体。意思是“我(们)获准做某事”。
I may hand in the assignment next Monday.(老师)允许我下周一交上作业。
We might leave the school only at weekends.我们只有在周末才准许离校。
(2)用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人的允许或拒绝。在否定句中,正式场合用may not。 cannot 有时表示“不准”,相当于mustn? t。
Eudora may attend the make-up exam to gain credits.尤杜拉可以参加补考取得学分。
You may not leave all the things about.你不能把所有的东西到处乱放。
【拓展记忆】表示请求、许可时,正式文体和比较客气的场合用May/Might I...?但现代英语中更广泛地使用Can/Could I...?
【考例】选词填空
1.(2014年北京卷) (Can,Must) I have a word with you? It won? t take long.
2.(2014年北京卷)You (cannot,needn? t) play football in the street.It?s somewhat dangerous.
【考点3】表示义务与责任的情态动词
must/have to/ought to/should都可表示“必须,应该”,但所表达的角度不同。
must表示说话人的主观意志,表示说话人有信心、认为应该如此、一定能做到,从某种角度上反映了说话人的权威。
have to表示客观需要,主要涉及外界义务。
ought to/should表示说话人提醒主语注意其责任和义务或劝告主语,暗含“按道理应该如此”之意,往往表现了说话人的信心不足。
mustn?t指不允许,shouldn? t 和oughtn? t to表示不应该。征求意见时常用should,很少用 ought to。 You must keep silent while the baby is sleeping.你必须保持安静,婴儿在睡觉。
You have to sign before you become a member of the club.你得先注册才能成为这个俱乐部的会员。
Jane ought to write me.She promised it.简该给我写信,她答应的。
Should I stay here until you come? 我应该待到你来吗?
【考例】选词填空
1.(2015年四川卷)You (must,may) be careful with the camera.It costs!
2.(2014年江苏卷)It was sad to me that they,so poor themselves, (would,should) bring me food.
3.(2014年湖南卷)— I? ve prepared all kinds of food for the picnic.
—Do you mean we (can? t,needn? t) bring anything with us?
【考点4】“情态动词+have done”结构
“情态动词+have done”有两个主要的用法:一是表示对过去发生的动作或状态的推测或估计,二是表示对过去发生的动作的遗憾或责备。
1.表示推测或估计
(1)must have done,只用于肯定句,表示对过去发生的动作的有把握推测,具有较大的可能性。它的否定形式是can? t/couldn? t have done。
It must have rained last night,for the streets are wet.昨晚肯定下雨了,因为街道是湿的。
(2)can/could have done,通常用于疑问句和否定句(could have done有时可用于肯定句),表示对过去事实的推测,可译为“可能已经”。否定语气较强。
She didn? t come to school yesterday.Can she have been ill? 她昨天没来学校,难道她生病了?
He could not have done such a thing.他不可能干出那样的事。(语气较cannot have done婉转些)
(3)may/might have done,通常用于肯定句或否定句,意为“大概已经”,表示对过去事实不太肯定的推测。
It is 8 o? clock.They may have arrived.现在是8点钟。他们可能已经到了。
He looks very happy.He might not have known the result.他看上去很高兴。他也许还不知道结果。
(4)should have done,表示“应该”,可能性较小。
They left here early and should have arrived by now.他们一早就离开了这里,现在应该已经到了。
(5)will have done,对已发生的事情表示推测。
The guests will have arrived by now.客人们现在大概已经到了。
2.表示遗憾或责备
(1)must have done,用于虚拟语气中时,表示对过去能做到而未做的事感到惋惜。
You must have caught the bus if you had got up earlier.
如果你早一点儿起床的话,你准能赶上那一班公共汽车。
(2)could have done,通常用于肯定句,表示对过去能做到而未做的事感到惋惜、遗憾。
She could have given us a better impression,but she wore a very short mini skirt.
她本来能给我们留下好印象,但她穿了很短的迷你裙。
(3)might have done,通常用于肯定句,表示“本可以”,含有轻微的责备或遗憾。
You might have helped your classmate out of his difficulty.
你本可以帮助你的同学解决困难的。(but you didn? t)
(4)should have done,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句,表示该做而实际未做或不该做却做了,含有责备的意思。
You should have bought me a camera rather than an MP4 for my birthday.
你本应该给我买一个相机而不是一个MP4作为生日礼物。
(5)ought to have done,用法和含义同should have done。
She ought not to have kept us waiting so long.
她不应该让我们等那么长时间。
(6)needn? t have done,只用于否定句,表示“本没有必要做某事,可却做了”。
There was plenty of time left.We needn? t have hurried. 还剩下足够多的时间,我们本没有必要匆匆忙忙的。
【考例】选词填空
1.(2015年福建卷)—Sorry,Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh,it? s too bad.You (must,should) have made full preparations.
2.(2015年天津卷)I (needn? t,mightn? t) have worried before I came to the new school,for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
3.(2014年陕西卷)My book,The House of Hades,is missing.Who (could,must) have taken it?
4.(2013年浙江卷)I (wouldn? t,couldn? t) have enjoyed myself more—it was a perfect day.
5.(2013年陕西卷)The children (must,should) have got lost in the woods; otherwise,they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled.
【考点5】三种基本的虚拟条件句
英语中使用虚拟语气的情况比较多,而在带有非真实条件句的复合句中则最为普遍。非真实条件句指的是与现在的事实、过去的事实或将来的事实相反的假设,其在从句和主句中的谓语动词形式比较特殊,也比较有规律。
If they had time,they would go hiking.如果他们有时间的话,就会去徒步旅行的。
If John had not hurt his leg,he would have won the race.如果John的腿没有受伤,他会赢得比赛的。
If he had more time tomorrow,he would lend his help to the work.如果他明天有时间的话,他会来帮忙的。(可能性较小)
If she should refuse,they could be greatly disappointed.如果她拒绝了,他们会很失望的。(可能性很小)
If I were to do it,I would do it in a different way.要是我来做这件事,我会用不同的方式来做。(可能性最小)
【考例】用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1.(2015年北京卷)If I (not see) it with my own eyes,I wouldn? t have believed it.
2.(2014年北京卷)We (be) back in the hotel now if you didn? t lose the map.
3.(2014年湖南卷)If Mr.Dewey (be) present,he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.
4.(2013年天津卷)If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before,he (be)
able to speak it much better now.
【考点6】宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)表示主观判断、推测、建议、命令和要求的动词后的宾语从句中,常采用“should+do”型虚拟语气形式。这类动词包括advise(劝告)、ask(要求)、decide(决定)、insist(坚持)、order(下令)、suggest(建议)、command(命令)、demand(要求)、desire(渴望)、propose(提议)、recommend(劝告)、require(要求)等。
He insisted that a deadline (should) be set for completing the task.他要求定出一个完成任务的期限。
The doctor suggested that he(should) try to lose his weight.医生建议他尽量减肥。
I recommend that you all (should) be diligent if you want to pass the exam.如果你们想通过这次考试,我劝你们要勤奋学习。
【疑难辨析】
动词insist如不表示“要求”,而表示“坚持己见”时,宾语从句用陈述语气。同样,当suggest所表示的意思为“表明”或 “暗示”时,也不采用“should+do”型虚拟语气形式。
Jane insisted that she had done nothing wrong and that she should be treated properly.简坚持说她没有做错事,并认为她应该得到合理的对待。
The surprised look on his face suggested that he did not believe the fact.
他脸上吃惊的表情表明他不相信这个事实。
(2)wish后的宾语从句中用“were/did”结构虚拟语气来表示目前不可能实现的愿望,用“had+过去分词”结构表示过去未实现的愿望,用“would+do”结构表示将来难以实现的愿望。 I wish I were as tall as Yao Ming.我希望和姚明一样高。(实际上不可能)
I wish I knew as much as you do.要是我懂的像你那样多就好了。(实际上懂的没你多)
I wish he had not seen us.他要是没看见我们就好了。(实际上他已经看见了我们)
I wish that my son would stop hanging about and do something useful.我希望我的儿子停止四处闲荡,而做些有用的事。(事实上儿子可能会很难悔改)
【疑难辨析】
wish一般表示“希望、但愿”,往往指不可能实现的愿望,后接从句时要用虚拟语气;
hope表示“希望”,通常指可以实现的愿望,后接从句时用陈述语气。
I wish I had wings.要是我有翅膀就好了!
I hope you? ll be better soon.我希望你能很快好起来。
【考例】用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1.(2015年陕西卷)Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I (dance) as well as her.
2.(2015年天津卷)I wish I (be) at my sister? s wedding last Tuesday,but I was on a business trip in New York then.
3.(2013年陕西卷)My mom suggests that we (eat) out for a change this weekend.
4.(2013年浙江卷)Eye doctors recommend that a child? s first eye exam (be) at the age of six month old.
【考点7】as if 或as though引导的从句中的虚拟语气
在由as if 或as though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中,用“were/did”型虚拟语气表示与现在事实不相符,用“had+过去分词”结构表示其所陈述的内容与过去事实或情况相反,用“would+do”结构表示其所陈述的内容与将来事实或情况可能相反。
【考例】用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1. (2014年重庆卷)It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I
(do) it?
2.(2012年北京卷)Don? t handle the vase as if it (be) made of steel.
参考答案
【考点1】1.must 2.may 3.can 4.might
【考点2】1.Can 2.cannot
【考点3】1.must 2.should 3.needn t
【考点4】1.should 2.needn? t 3.could 4.couldn? t 5.must
【考点5】1.hadn? t seen 2.would be 3.had been 4.would be
【考点6】1.danced 2.had been 3.should eat 4.be
【考点7】1.had done 2.were