论文部分内容阅读
在英语基础的听、说、读、写训练中，写是最高层次的能力表达。对于高考，绝不能打无准备之战，能力技巧都是在平时训练中培养形成的，下面就主要从高中英语作文的组织和语言应用两个方面谈一谈英语书面表达能力提高的技巧。
一、审题：每遇到一个题目要求，首先就要学会审题，审题应主要从以下四个方面入手
1．审体裁
体裁是从大的方面对文章整体的一个把握。通过审体裁可以确定文章为叙述文，议论文，说明文还是应用文等等。如果为观点对比类作文，那么就存在很大的模式性，如果为说明文就应该注意表达方法上的客观、简洁、明了，主观感情色彩就不能太浓。应用文包括书信、通知、便条、欢迎、欢送辞等，通过进一步的确定就可以杜绝在文章大方向上出错。
2．审人称
审题的过程中要确定好文章究竟为第几人称，尤其要注意人称不能混乱，比如在一篇论述体育运动对人体健康好处的文章中，不能一会表达成“Taking exercise does good to our health.” 一会又表达成“You should take more exercise.” 接着又表达成“They can benefit a lot from taking more exercise.”
3．审时态
很多文章一个时态贯穿始终，时态出错对文章整体影响会很大。确定好文章究竟是在叙述一件发生过的事，还是在说明一种一般现在的情况或状况，从而确定好文章的时态。尤其是在两种观点对比的文章中，往往虽然讨论已经完毕，但观点还是一般现在存在的，常使用一般现在时。
4．审要点
文章要点涵盖要全，不能漏项，必要时可以把要点圈出来。要点少时，自己可以根据情况适当的添加内容，避免字数不足。要点较多，就要表达简练一些，避免字数过多。
思考：
假设你是李华。最近你班举行了一次班会，班会的主题是：太空探险的意义。请结合以下内容，给校报用英语写一篇文章，客观地介绍讨论的情况并表达你自己的观点。
一些同学赞同：获得新的知；从太空取得新资源; 扩大人类的生存空间
一些同学反对:耗资巨大; 宇航员的安全问题
你自己的观点:
结论：
体裁：观点对比类短文。
人称：主体为第三人称
时态：虽然讨论已经完毕，但观点还是一般现在的存在着的，所以主体时态应为一般现在时。
要点：支持、反对两种观点+自己的观点
二、列出重点句
事实上，一般的高中生现在还很难用英语思维进行思考，多数都为汉语思维翻译成英语的表达方法。所以在进行审题之后，应该根据要点先列出文章的重点句。比如针对以上的作文题目可以先列出文章重点句如下： 现在还很难用英语思维进行思考，aosi
Some students think it important to do the explorations.
People can gain new knowledge of outer space.
New resources can be found there for human use.
It can bring new living space for human beings.
Others hold the opinion that this kind of exploration is much too costly.
It is very dangerous for astronauts to do such work.
my opinion:
三、恰当过渡词的使用
表顺序：to begin with ；first…, second… third…或 firstly…， secondly…, thirdly…； for one thing… for another；on one hand…on the other hand等
表递进：besides, what’s more, in addition, furthermore, moreover ，what’s worse,to make things worse等
表示解释：for example, for instance, such as, in this case , namely, take ….for example等
表示转折：however, while, otherwise, on the contrary, one coin has two sides等
表让步: though, as, despite, in spite of, even though, whether…or, however, whoever, wherever,no matter what…等
表因果：because, because of, since, now that, as , thanks to, due to, therefore, as a result of等
表并列：not only….but also, as well as. both…and, either…or, neither…nor等
表条件：as long as, on condition that. unless, in case等
表比较：be similar to , similarly, in contrast, as, like, the same as, in the same way, compared with/to,
表目的：for this purpose, in order to hat, so as to, so that,
表强调：in fact, no doubt, certainly, more/most importantly.
表概括：in a word, in short, on the whole, generally speaking, as far as I know, as we all know,
四、连词成句：根据所列重点句，结合恰当的过渡词，完成文章
Outer Space Explorations, YES or NO?
We had an argument over whether it was necessary to carry out outer space explorations at a class meeting the other day.
Some students think it important to do the explorations .First of all, people can gain new knowledge of outer space. Second, new resources can be found there for human use. Third, this exploration can possibly bring new living space for human beings.
However, others hold the opinion that（下转第26页）
（上接第27页）
this kind of exploration is much too costly. Besides, it is very dangerous for astronauts to do such work.
In my opinion, people should be pioneering，and therefore such explorations into outer space are worth trying out.
五、高级句子结构的使用
高级句子结构是指在合适的语言环境下，适当的使用被动语态、强调、倒装、分词做状语或定语、主从复合句或固定短语等，增强文章的表达力。
［原文］Besides, we can’t make sure of the astronauts’ safety
［修正］Besides, astronauts’ safety can’t be made sure of.
［原文］They don’t support them for the high costs.
［修正］It is for the high costs that they don’t support them.
［原文］People can gain new knowledge of outer space and new resources can be found there for human use
［修正］Not only can people gain new knowledge of outer space, but also new resources can be found there for human use
［原文］Others are against it because of the large amount of the money spent on outer space explorations
［修正］While, considering the large amount of the money spent on outer space explorations, others are against it.
［原文］We should expand our living space because there are more and more people on the earth.
［修正］Facing the increasing population on the earth, we should expand our living space.
［原文］There are many problems for us to settle such as the high cost.
［修正］There are many problems remaining to be settled such as the high cost.
［原文］Resources in outer space can solve some problems facing us.
［修正］Resources found in outer space contribute to solving some problems facing us.
［原文］We have little knowledge about outer space, so we can’t ensure the astronauts’ safety.
［修正］Equipped with little knowledge about outer space, we can’t ensure the astronauts’ safety.
六、几点小建议：
1．书写一定要清楚工整，十字十行，内秀外美。
2．书写错误要学会恰当修改，写错的词最好用与所给的格线平行的线划掉，无论一行错还是一段错，都逐词划去，做到错也错的美，不要因为有掩饰错误的心理而划成黑乎乎一片。
3．只要有时间，每篇文章都要先打草稿。不要以为打草稿费时间，提着笔犹豫其实才是浪费时间。
（作者单位：河北昌黎第一中学）
一、审题：每遇到一个题目要求，首先就要学会审题，审题应主要从以下四个方面入手
1．审体裁
体裁是从大的方面对文章整体的一个把握。通过审体裁可以确定文章为叙述文，议论文，说明文还是应用文等等。如果为观点对比类作文，那么就存在很大的模式性，如果为说明文就应该注意表达方法上的客观、简洁、明了，主观感情色彩就不能太浓。应用文包括书信、通知、便条、欢迎、欢送辞等，通过进一步的确定就可以杜绝在文章大方向上出错。
2．审人称
审题的过程中要确定好文章究竟为第几人称，尤其要注意人称不能混乱，比如在一篇论述体育运动对人体健康好处的文章中，不能一会表达成“Taking exercise does good to our health.” 一会又表达成“You should take more exercise.” 接着又表达成“They can benefit a lot from taking more exercise.”
3．审时态
很多文章一个时态贯穿始终，时态出错对文章整体影响会很大。确定好文章究竟是在叙述一件发生过的事，还是在说明一种一般现在的情况或状况，从而确定好文章的时态。尤其是在两种观点对比的文章中，往往虽然讨论已经完毕，但观点还是一般现在存在的，常使用一般现在时。
4．审要点
文章要点涵盖要全，不能漏项，必要时可以把要点圈出来。要点少时，自己可以根据情况适当的添加内容，避免字数不足。要点较多，就要表达简练一些，避免字数过多。
思考：
假设你是李华。最近你班举行了一次班会，班会的主题是：太空探险的意义。请结合以下内容，给校报用英语写一篇文章，客观地介绍讨论的情况并表达你自己的观点。
一些同学赞同：获得新的知；从太空取得新资源; 扩大人类的生存空间
一些同学反对:耗资巨大; 宇航员的安全问题
你自己的观点:
结论：
体裁：观点对比类短文。
人称：主体为第三人称
时态：虽然讨论已经完毕，但观点还是一般现在的存在着的，所以主体时态应为一般现在时。
要点：支持、反对两种观点+自己的观点
二、列出重点句
事实上，一般的高中生现在还很难用英语思维进行思考，多数都为汉语思维翻译成英语的表达方法。所以在进行审题之后，应该根据要点先列出文章的重点句。比如针对以上的作文题目可以先列出文章重点句如下： 现在还很难用英语思维进行思考，aosi
Some students think it important to do the explorations.
People can gain new knowledge of outer space.
New resources can be found there for human use.
It can bring new living space for human beings.
Others hold the opinion that this kind of exploration is much too costly.
It is very dangerous for astronauts to do such work.
my opinion:
三、恰当过渡词的使用
表顺序：to begin with ；first…, second… third…或 firstly…， secondly…, thirdly…； for one thing… for another；on one hand…on the other hand等
表递进：besides, what’s more, in addition, furthermore, moreover ，what’s worse,to make things worse等
表示解释：for example, for instance, such as, in this case , namely, take ….for example等
表示转折：however, while, otherwise, on the contrary, one coin has two sides等
表让步: though, as, despite, in spite of, even though, whether…or, however, whoever, wherever,no matter what…等
表因果：because, because of, since, now that, as , thanks to, due to, therefore, as a result of等
表并列：not only….but also, as well as. both…and, either…or, neither…nor等
表条件：as long as, on condition that. unless, in case等
表比较：be similar to , similarly, in contrast, as, like, the same as, in the same way, compared with/to,
表目的：for this purpose, in order to hat, so as to, so that,
表强调：in fact, no doubt, certainly, more/most importantly.
表概括：in a word, in short, on the whole, generally speaking, as far as I know, as we all know,
四、连词成句：根据所列重点句，结合恰当的过渡词，完成文章
Outer Space Explorations, YES or NO?
We had an argument over whether it was necessary to carry out outer space explorations at a class meeting the other day.
Some students think it important to do the explorations .First of all, people can gain new knowledge of outer space. Second, new resources can be found there for human use. Third, this exploration can possibly bring new living space for human beings.
However, others hold the opinion that（下转第26页）
（上接第27页）
this kind of exploration is much too costly. Besides, it is very dangerous for astronauts to do such work.
In my opinion, people should be pioneering，and therefore such explorations into outer space are worth trying out.
五、高级句子结构的使用
高级句子结构是指在合适的语言环境下，适当的使用被动语态、强调、倒装、分词做状语或定语、主从复合句或固定短语等，增强文章的表达力。
［原文］Besides, we can’t make sure of the astronauts’ safety
［修正］Besides, astronauts’ safety can’t be made sure of.
［原文］They don’t support them for the high costs.
［修正］It is for the high costs that they don’t support them.
［原文］People can gain new knowledge of outer space and new resources can be found there for human use
［修正］Not only can people gain new knowledge of outer space, but also new resources can be found there for human use
［原文］Others are against it because of the large amount of the money spent on outer space explorations
［修正］While, considering the large amount of the money spent on outer space explorations, others are against it.
［原文］We should expand our living space because there are more and more people on the earth.
［修正］Facing the increasing population on the earth, we should expand our living space.
［原文］There are many problems for us to settle such as the high cost.
［修正］There are many problems remaining to be settled such as the high cost.
［原文］Resources in outer space can solve some problems facing us.
［修正］Resources found in outer space contribute to solving some problems facing us.
［原文］We have little knowledge about outer space, so we can’t ensure the astronauts’ safety.
［修正］Equipped with little knowledge about outer space, we can’t ensure the astronauts’ safety.
六、几点小建议：
1．书写一定要清楚工整，十字十行，内秀外美。
2．书写错误要学会恰当修改，写错的词最好用与所给的格线平行的线划掉，无论一行错还是一段错，都逐词划去，做到错也错的美，不要因为有掩饰错误的心理而划成黑乎乎一片。
3．只要有时间，每篇文章都要先打草稿。不要以为打草稿费时间，提着笔犹豫其实才是浪费时间。
（作者单位：河北昌黎第一中学）