中国和欧洲在古代是联系很少、各自独立发展的两个世界。鸦片战争后,情况发生空前巨变。西方列强凭借坚船利炮和不平等条约赋予的特权,逐步建立起对中国的支配地位,把独立的中国变为主权残缺、各方面受制于人的国际半殖民地。几十年来,西方学者撰写了数量可观的中西关系史论著,有些著作资料丰富,具有重 In ancient times, China and Europe were two worlds that had little contact with each other and developed independently. After the Opium War, unprecedented changes took place. The Western powers gradually established their dominance over China by virtue of the privileges given by the cannon and artillery and the unequal treaties, turning the independent China into a sovereign and inhuman situation, controlled in all aspects by the international semi-colonies. For decades, Western scholars have written a great number of treatises on the history of Sino-Western relations. Some of them are informative and have heavy