Objective: To explore the efficacy and mechanism of Yixuesheng capsule (益血生胶囊, YXS) combined with recombination human erythropoietin (RHE) in treating male neoplastic anemia (NA). Methods: Sixty-five patients were randomized into two groups, the 33 patients in the treated group treated with a combined therapy of YXS and RHE, and the 32 in the control group treated with RHE alone, all for 12 weeks. Related clinical indexes, including hemoglobin (Hgb), red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HMC), testosterone (T), estradiol (E) arid prolactin (PRL), were measured before and after treatment. Results: After treatment, Hgb in the treated group and the control group was 108±5 g/L and 104±8 g/L respectively, showing marked improvement as compared with that before treatment (P<0.01), and the improvement in the former was more significant than that in the latter (P<0.05). Further, the level of T was also increased in the treated group after treatment (P<0.05), and showed a significant difference from that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: YXS capsule combined with RHE shows a better therapeutic effect in treating NA than that of RHE alone, and the effect might be through stimulation by YXS of erythropoiesis which could promote the secretion of testosterone.