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西方近代政治思想家洛克在其名著《政府论》一书中,通过对菲尔麦“君权神授”理论的批判,指出自由是人类与生俱来的天性,人类存在的首要前提。他从自然状态和自然权利出发,指出自然状态下人们通过理性维护自己的自由权利,由于自然状态的不稳定性,人们通过订立社会契约而进入政治社会,通过制定法律来保护自身的自由、生命和财产权。洛克敏锐地意识到绝对权力对个人自由的威胁,从而提出立法权、执行权和对外权初步的三权分立思想,力图建立有限政府,通过制定经常有效的法律来实现法治下的自由,为近现代自由主义理论做出了奠基性的贡献,值得继承反思。
In his famous book “The Theory of Government”, Locke, a modern western political thinker, pointed out that freedom is the precondition for the innate nature and existence of mankind through criticizing Philmar ’s theory of “divine right”. Starting from the natural state and the natural rights, he pointed out that in the natural state, people maintain their own freedom rights through rationality. Because of the instability of the natural state, people entered the political society through the establishment of social contract and protected their own freedom and life by enacting laws And property rights. Locke was keenly aware of the threat of absolute power to individual freedom, so as to put forward the idea of the legislative separation, the executive power and the preliminary separation of powers. He tried hard to establish a limited government and establish the most effective law to realize the freedom under the rule of law. Modern liberal theory has made a groundbreaking contribution, it is worth inheriting reflection.