清朝政府在鸦片战争前后的对外交往是中国近代外交史的一个重要组成部分。改革开放以后,近代以来中西关系的研究再次成为学术界的热门研究。重读历史,后人站在新的视野新的角度重新看待主战与主和问题。如何看待鸦片战争时中国被动挨打的原因,如何分析鸦片战争爆发前后对外关系和对外政策的改变,如何看待外交交锋时的强硬与温和即是本文要讨论的重点。一在古代,中国和欧洲国家的联系是很少的,双方都是在相对独立的环境中各自发展。而第一次鸦 The diplomatic relations between the Qing government before and after the Opium War were an important part of China’s modern diplomatic history. After the reform and opening up, the study of the relationship between China and the West has become a hot study in the academic circle again since modern times. Reread history, future generations stand in a new perspective of a new perspective on the main battle with the Lord and the issue. How to think about the reasons for the passive beating of China during the Opium War? How to analyze the changes in foreign relations and foreign policies before and after the Opium War? How to treat the tough and moderate diplomatic confrontation is the focus of this article. In ancient times, there were few contacts between China and European countries, each developing independently in a relatively independent environment. The first crow