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按照哈贝马斯的商议民主理论,商议民主包含了两个核心的要素,一是制度化的商谈机制,一是非制度化的公共领域中的商谈。制度化的商谈机制必须按照一定的程序来保证所有的利益相关者的意见在其中得到表达。为此,商谈的程序必须按照论辩的逻辑来制定。制度化的商谈只是解决问题的机制,而发现问题则要依靠非制度化的公共领域中的商谈。非制度化的商谈还是一切制度和法规的合法性来源。然而非制度化的商谈不是在理想的环境中进行的,其中存在着交流赖以进行的社会资源配置的不平等。政治制度和法律就是要调节这种社会资源配置的不平等,从而使公共领域的自由交流得以进行。
According to Habermas’s deliberative democracy theory, deliberative democracy contains two core elements. One is institutionalized negotiation mechanisms and the other is non-institutionalized negotiations in the public domain. The institutionalized negotiation mechanism must follow certain procedures to ensure that the opinions of all the stakeholders are expressed in it. For this reason, the process of negotiation must be formulated in accordance with the logic of argument. Institutional negotiation is only a mechanism for solving problems, and problems are found to depend on negotiations in the non-institutional public domain. Non-institutionalized negotiations are also the source of legitimacy for all institutions and laws and regulations. However, non-institutionalized negotiations are not carried out in an ideal environment, in which there is inequality in the allocation of social resources on which exchanges take place. The political system and law are to adjust the inequality in the allocation of social resources so that the free exchange in the public domain can be carried out.