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中国当代户籍制度是50年代中期在国家工业化进程发生曲折的情况下逐步建立和形成的。这一制度的功能特点主要表现为:(一)它是根据中国工业化赶超战略的需要而建立起来的行政体制,是计划经济体制在社会生活领域的一个核心制度,起着让农村支撑城市、农业为工业化提供积累的功能;(二)它的建立深刻地反映了中国工业化进程受制于城乡二元结构的深刻矛盾,并在这个矛盾冲突中固化和加重了城乡二元社会结构;(三)它用行政手段把全体公民划分为城市人和农村人两个不平等的集团,城镇居民享有福利待遇和劳动就业机会,而农民则被束缚在土地上,形成了两种不同的身分等级制度。这一制度既有碍公平,也有碍效益,必须进行彻底的改革。
The contemporary system of household registration in China was gradually established and formed in the mid-1950s under the twists and turns of the national industrialization process. The main features of this system are as follows: (1) It is an administrative system established according to the need of China’s industrialization catching-up strategy. It is a core system of the planned economic system in the field of social life and plays an important role in enabling rural areas to support cities, (2) Its establishment profoundly reflects the profound contradictions that China’s industrialization is subject to the dual structure of urban and rural areas and solidifies and aggravates the dual urban-rural social structure in this contradiction and conflict; (3) It uses administrative measures to divide all citizens into two unequal groups: urban people and rural people. Urban residents enjoy the benefits and employment opportunities, and peasants are tied to the land, forming two different hierarchy of status. This system not only hinders fairness but also hinders efficiency and must be thoroughly reformed.