以往有关政府信任的研究大都分别以城市居民或农民为研究对象而独立进行,缺乏对城乡居民的直接比较。本研究通过对全国六大地区的问卷调查,考察了当前城乡居民政府信任的现状和特点,并进一步从制度主义和文化主义的视角分析了影响城乡居民政府信任的各种因素。结果发现,当前城乡居民对政府的信任呈现出典型的“央强地弱”的差序性样态,但城市居民的政府信任度要低于农民的政府信任度,且城市居民比农民表现出了对基层政府更不信任的趋势。回归分析的结果表明,制度变量和文化变量对城乡居民政府信任都有较强的解释力,但制度变量对政府信任的影响更大。制度变量和文化变量对政府信任的影响表现出一定的城乡差异。最后,本文对已有关于城乡居民政府信任的结论提出了新的解释。 In the past, most of the researches on government trust were independently conducted by urban residents or peasants and lacked a direct comparison of urban and rural residents. Through the questionnaire survey of the six major regions in our country, this study examines the current situation and characteristics of the trust of urban and rural residents and further analyzes the various factors that affect the trust of urban and rural residents from the institutional and cultural perspectives. The results show that current urban and rural residents’ confidence in the government shows a typical pattern of “strong and weak”, but the government trust of urban residents is lower than the trust of farmers and urban residents Showing a trend of even less trust in grassroots governments. The results of regression analysis show that institutional variables and cultural variables have strong explanatory power to the trust of urban and rural residents, but institutional variables have a greater impact on government trust. The influence of institutional variables and cultural variables on government trust shows some urban-rural differences. In the end, this article gives a new explanation of the conclusion about the trust of urban and rural residents.