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摘 要:擬通过超声技术观察业余马拉松跑者跑步前后跟腱形态结构的变化特征,观察不同性别马拉松跑者跟腱结构在跑步前后会发生怎样的变化,探索跟腱结构对马拉松跑步的急性效应机制。选择10名男子受试者,年龄(35.30±7.15)岁,身高(1.76±0.05) m,体重(68.70±5.62) kg;8名女子受试者,年龄(25.50±4.63)岁,身高(1.63±0.06) m,体重(52.88±4.88) kg,通过超声成像技术观察跑步前后跟腱长度、比目鱼肌长度、跟腱横截面积、跟腱厚度等指标的变化。研究结果发现,马拉松跑步后业余男子和女子跑者的跟腱长度均增加,且跑步前后差异均具有统计学显著性意义(男子P=0.037<0.05;女子P=0.020<0.05),跟腱相对小腿长度差异具有统计学显著性意义(男子P=0.039<0.05;女子P=0.022<0.05);男子和女子业余跑者在马拉松跑步后跟腱横截面积减小,跑步前后跟腱横截面积差异具有统计学显著性意义(男子P=0.044<0.05;女子P=0.032<0.03);男子和女子马拉松跑者的比目鱼肌肌腱长度、比目鱼肌肌腱相对小腿长度、跟腱厚度和跟腱相对BMI厚度等指标跑步前后的差异不具有统计学显著性意义。研究结论认为,马拉松的急性效应主要表现在跟腱长度增加和跟腱横截面积减小,建议马拉松跑者在进行耐力训练的同时,通过力量训练强化下肢腓肠肌和比目鱼肌肌肉肌腱结构,进而避免跟腱急性效应对肌肉肌腱的伤害。
关 键 词:跟腱;形态结构;超声成像技术;马拉松跑步
中图分类号:G822.8 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-7116(2018)05-0139-06
Abstract: By means of ultrasonic technology, the authors observed the characteristics of changing of the Achilles tendon shape structure of amateur runners before and after marathon running, and what changes will occur to the Achilles tendon structure of marathon runners of different genders before and after running, and explored the mechanism of the Achilles tendon structure’s acute effect on marathon running. The authors selected 10 male testees with an age of (35.30±7.15), a height of (1.76±0.05) m, and a weight of (68.70±5.62) kg, and 8 female testes with an age of (25.50±4.63), a height of (1.63±0.06) m, and a weight of (52.88±4.88) kg, and by means of ultrasonic imaging technology, observed the changing of such indexes as Achilles tendon length, soleus muscle length, Achilles tendon cross-sectional area and Achilles tendon thickness, and revealed the following findings: after marathon running, the Achilles tendon lengths of the male and female amateur runners increased, and the differences before and after running were all statistically significant (for the males: P=0.037<0.05; for the females: P=0.020<0.05), the differences in Achilles tendon lengths relative to shank lengths were also statistically significant (for the males: P=0.039<0.05; for the females: P=0.022<0.05); after marathon running, the Achilles tendon cross-sectional areas of the male and female amateur runners decreased, and the Achilles tendon cross-sectional area differences before and after running were statistically significant (for the males: P=0.044<0.05; for the females: P=0.032<0.05); before and after running, the differences in such indexes as soleus muscle tendon lengths, soleus muscle tendon lengths relative to shank lengths, Achilles tendon thickness, and Achilles tendon thickness relative to BMI with respect to the male and female marathon runners were not statistically significant. The authors concluded that marathon’s acute effect mainly shows Achilles tendon length increase and Achilles tendon cross-sectional area decrease, and suggested that marathon runners intensify the lower limbs’ gastrocnemius and soleus muscle tendon structures via strength training, while carrying out stamina training, thus avoiding the damage caused to muscle tendon by Achilles tendon’s acute effect. 跟腱长度方面,本研究发现,马拉松跑步后人体跟腱长度显著增加。离体实验表明,不断重复的周期性收缩会导致肌腱疲劳,在外力的作用下会增加跟腱的长度[20];研究发现,一次性的5 km跑步对跟腱长度影响显著,虽然跟腱长度有所增加,但是跟腱长度增加的并不明显[21];跟腱是一种黏弹性组织,在跑步过程中可以承受较大的张力,同时對足跟产生的力可以驱动踝关节做背伸或跖屈运动。在跑步的支撑阶段,跟腱像弹簧一样表现出“拉长-缩短”特点,即在跑步触地缓冲阶段,跟腱在力的作用下被拉长,储存弹性能量,协同踝关节做背伸运动,跟腱可以承受较大的张力以防止肌肉过度拉扯;在跑步蹬伸离地阶段,跟腱开始缩短,释放弹性能量,驱动踝关节做跖屈运动。马拉松跑步属于周期性耐力运动项目,人体跟腱“拉长-缩短”的弹簧表现可能驱使跑步后跟腱长度增加的趋势。
马拉松跑步后人体跟腱长度增加及横截面积减小,可能归因于跟腱在耐力跑步过程中由于疲劳而表现出了蠕变趋势[22-24]。蠕变曾被认为是肌腱结构微损伤的迹象[25],因此,肌腱蠕变的产生也预示着肌腱损伤风险的增加。蠕变机制是否是造成马拉松跑步后跟腱长度增加的原因,未来仍然需要加大样本量同时结合动物实验进行深入探索。
马拉松跑步后人体跟腱长度增加及横截面积减小,也可能归因于跟腱的顺应性特征。顺应性是指弹性体在外力作用下发生形变的难易程度,跟腱是柔性肌腱,顺应性良好,在马拉松跑步运动中跟腱的长度变化相对较大。跟腱的顺应性越高,形态越细小,我们期望看到的结果是在跑步运动后跟腱在特定的载荷下具有较高的应力和应变,跟腱力学性能和形态结构改变都会有一定的载荷阈值,该载荷阈值也是跟腱疲劳以及抗拉强度下降的警示信号,在马拉松跑步运动的训练实践中,可以通过体能训练尤其是力量训练强化跟腱的材料属性,提高跟腱的顺应性,进一步提升跟腱的载荷阈值,防止跟腱损伤。
马拉松跑对跟腱形态结构的急性影响可能归因于长时间运动导致的跟腱胶原纤维的结构改变。跟腱主要由胶原纤维束组成,束内无血管分布,束间吻合血管稀少,代谢率甚低[26]。本研究中,男子马拉松被试者平均完赛时间为229 min,女子马拉松被试者平均完赛时间为270 min,长时间耐力跑步可能在一定程度上改变了跟腱胶原纤维的微观结构,进而使人体跟腱长度增加及横截面积减小。但是,应对急性应激反应,跟腱会进行早期的自我修复,未来可以结合活检技术对人体进行深入研究。
综上所述,本研究基于超声成像技术,主要发现了马拉松跑步前后人体跟腱形态结构的变化主要表现在跟腱长度增加和跟腱横截面积减小。男子和女子业余跑步者在马拉松跑步后跟腱横截面积均减小,跑步前后跟腱横截面积差异具有统计学显著性意义;比目鱼肌肌腱长度、比目鱼肌肌腱相对小腿长度、跟腱厚度和跟腱相对BMI厚度等指标跑步前后的差异不具有统计学显著性意义。跟腱长度增加和跟腱横截面积减小可能归因于跟腱的蠕变、顺应性特征以及跟腱胶原纤维的结构改变。建议马拉松跑步者在进行耐力训练的同时,通过力量训练强化下肢腓肠肌和比目鱼肌等,进而避免跟腱急性效应对肌肉肌腱造成伤害。另外,超声相关肌骨系统生物力学的研究受到多方面因素的影响,本研究在测试过程也存在一定的局限性,比如测量误差、样本含量等。因此,建议未来进一步增加样本量进行深入研究。
参考文献:
[1] 刘宇. 生物力学在运动控制与协调研究中的应用[J]. 体育科学,2010,30(11):62-73.
[2] 沈勇伟,张林,刘劲松. 短跑训练对跟腱横截面积和弹性模量的影响[J]. 体育学刊,2010,17(1):92-95.
[3] TWEEDELL A J,RYAN E D,SCHARVILLE M J,et al. The influence of ultrasound measurement techniques on the age-related differences in achilles tendon size[J]. Exp Gerontol,2016:68-71.
[4] 封旭华,蔡叶华,华英汇,等. 高频超声在跟腱腱病诊断与康复疗效评估中的应用[J]. 上海体育学院学报,2014,38(5):56-60.
[5] FARRIS D J,SAWICKI G S. Human medial gastrocnemius force-velocity behavior shifts with locomotion speed and gait[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2012,109(3):977-982.
[6] OBST S J,NEWSHAM-WEST R,BARRETT R S. Three-dimensional morphology and strain of the human Achilles free tendon immediately following eccentric heel drop exercise[J]. J Exp Biol,2015,218(Pt24):3894-3900.
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关 键 词:跟腱;形态结构;超声成像技术;马拉松跑步
中图分类号:G822.8 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-7116(2018)05-0139-06
Abstract: By means of ultrasonic technology, the authors observed the characteristics of changing of the Achilles tendon shape structure of amateur runners before and after marathon running, and what changes will occur to the Achilles tendon structure of marathon runners of different genders before and after running, and explored the mechanism of the Achilles tendon structure’s acute effect on marathon running. The authors selected 10 male testees with an age of (35.30±7.15), a height of (1.76±0.05) m, and a weight of (68.70±5.62) kg, and 8 female testes with an age of (25.50±4.63), a height of (1.63±0.06) m, and a weight of (52.88±4.88) kg, and by means of ultrasonic imaging technology, observed the changing of such indexes as Achilles tendon length, soleus muscle length, Achilles tendon cross-sectional area and Achilles tendon thickness, and revealed the following findings: after marathon running, the Achilles tendon lengths of the male and female amateur runners increased, and the differences before and after running were all statistically significant (for the males: P=0.037<0.05; for the females: P=0.020<0.05), the differences in Achilles tendon lengths relative to shank lengths were also statistically significant (for the males: P=0.039<0.05; for the females: P=0.022<0.05); after marathon running, the Achilles tendon cross-sectional areas of the male and female amateur runners decreased, and the Achilles tendon cross-sectional area differences before and after running were statistically significant (for the males: P=0.044<0.05; for the females: P=0.032<0.05); before and after running, the differences in such indexes as soleus muscle tendon lengths, soleus muscle tendon lengths relative to shank lengths, Achilles tendon thickness, and Achilles tendon thickness relative to BMI with respect to the male and female marathon runners were not statistically significant. The authors concluded that marathon’s acute effect mainly shows Achilles tendon length increase and Achilles tendon cross-sectional area decrease, and suggested that marathon runners intensify the lower limbs’ gastrocnemius and soleus muscle tendon structures via strength training, while carrying out stamina training, thus avoiding the damage caused to muscle tendon by Achilles tendon’s acute effect. 跟腱长度方面,本研究发现,马拉松跑步后人体跟腱长度显著增加。离体实验表明,不断重复的周期性收缩会导致肌腱疲劳,在外力的作用下会增加跟腱的长度[20];研究发现,一次性的5 km跑步对跟腱长度影响显著,虽然跟腱长度有所增加,但是跟腱长度增加的并不明显[21];跟腱是一种黏弹性组织,在跑步过程中可以承受较大的张力,同时對足跟产生的力可以驱动踝关节做背伸或跖屈运动。在跑步的支撑阶段,跟腱像弹簧一样表现出“拉长-缩短”特点,即在跑步触地缓冲阶段,跟腱在力的作用下被拉长,储存弹性能量,协同踝关节做背伸运动,跟腱可以承受较大的张力以防止肌肉过度拉扯;在跑步蹬伸离地阶段,跟腱开始缩短,释放弹性能量,驱动踝关节做跖屈运动。马拉松跑步属于周期性耐力运动项目,人体跟腱“拉长-缩短”的弹簧表现可能驱使跑步后跟腱长度增加的趋势。
马拉松跑步后人体跟腱长度增加及横截面积减小,可能归因于跟腱在耐力跑步过程中由于疲劳而表现出了蠕变趋势[22-24]。蠕变曾被认为是肌腱结构微损伤的迹象[25],因此,肌腱蠕变的产生也预示着肌腱损伤风险的增加。蠕变机制是否是造成马拉松跑步后跟腱长度增加的原因,未来仍然需要加大样本量同时结合动物实验进行深入探索。
马拉松跑步后人体跟腱长度增加及横截面积减小,也可能归因于跟腱的顺应性特征。顺应性是指弹性体在外力作用下发生形变的难易程度,跟腱是柔性肌腱,顺应性良好,在马拉松跑步运动中跟腱的长度变化相对较大。跟腱的顺应性越高,形态越细小,我们期望看到的结果是在跑步运动后跟腱在特定的载荷下具有较高的应力和应变,跟腱力学性能和形态结构改变都会有一定的载荷阈值,该载荷阈值也是跟腱疲劳以及抗拉强度下降的警示信号,在马拉松跑步运动的训练实践中,可以通过体能训练尤其是力量训练强化跟腱的材料属性,提高跟腱的顺应性,进一步提升跟腱的载荷阈值,防止跟腱损伤。
马拉松跑对跟腱形态结构的急性影响可能归因于长时间运动导致的跟腱胶原纤维的结构改变。跟腱主要由胶原纤维束组成,束内无血管分布,束间吻合血管稀少,代谢率甚低[26]。本研究中,男子马拉松被试者平均完赛时间为229 min,女子马拉松被试者平均完赛时间为270 min,长时间耐力跑步可能在一定程度上改变了跟腱胶原纤维的微观结构,进而使人体跟腱长度增加及横截面积减小。但是,应对急性应激反应,跟腱会进行早期的自我修复,未来可以结合活检技术对人体进行深入研究。
综上所述,本研究基于超声成像技术,主要发现了马拉松跑步前后人体跟腱形态结构的变化主要表现在跟腱长度增加和跟腱横截面积减小。男子和女子业余跑步者在马拉松跑步后跟腱横截面积均减小,跑步前后跟腱横截面积差异具有统计学显著性意义;比目鱼肌肌腱长度、比目鱼肌肌腱相对小腿长度、跟腱厚度和跟腱相对BMI厚度等指标跑步前后的差异不具有统计学显著性意义。跟腱长度增加和跟腱横截面积减小可能归因于跟腱的蠕变、顺应性特征以及跟腱胶原纤维的结构改变。建议马拉松跑步者在进行耐力训练的同时,通过力量训练强化下肢腓肠肌和比目鱼肌等,进而避免跟腱急性效应对肌肉肌腱造成伤害。另外,超声相关肌骨系统生物力学的研究受到多方面因素的影响,本研究在测试过程也存在一定的局限性,比如测量误差、样本含量等。因此,建议未来进一步增加样本量进行深入研究。
参考文献:
[1] 刘宇. 生物力学在运动控制与协调研究中的应用[J]. 体育科学,2010,30(11):62-73.
[2] 沈勇伟,张林,刘劲松. 短跑训练对跟腱横截面积和弹性模量的影响[J]. 体育学刊,2010,17(1):92-95.
[3] TWEEDELL A J,RYAN E D,SCHARVILLE M J,et al. The influence of ultrasound measurement techniques on the age-related differences in achilles tendon size[J]. Exp Gerontol,2016:68-71.
[4] 封旭华,蔡叶华,华英汇,等. 高频超声在跟腱腱病诊断与康复疗效评估中的应用[J]. 上海体育学院学报,2014,38(5):56-60.
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