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多肽类或低分子量蛋白质药物的出现,难以从肠胃道吸收使鼻腔给药更加重要,药物穿透鼻腔粘膜比胃肠道各段、口腔以及阴道粘膜容易。分子量低于1000的药物易吸收,如维拉帕米及甾体鼻腔喷雾易吸收,某些病例血浓度与静脉注射几乎难以区别。但极性大的多肽或蛋白质鼻腔用药后难以达到临床恰当的血浓度。因此应用吸收增强剂胆酸盐及表面活性剂等可提高吸收。粘膜纤毛的清除也是影响吸收的重要因素。鼻腔应用溶液或粉剂会很快被清除,半衰期约15～20min。但用生物相容的原料如淀
Peptides or low molecular weight protein drugs appear to be difficult to absorb from the gastrointestinal tract to make nasal administration even more important. Drugs penetrate the nasal mucosa more easily than the gastrointestinal tract, the oral cavity, and the vaginal mucosa. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 1000 are easily absorbed, such as verapamil and steroid nasal spray, which is almost indistinguishable from intravenous in some cases. However, it is difficult to achieve a clinically appropriate blood concentration after administration of a large polar polypeptide or protein in the nasal cavity. Therefore, the application of absorption enhancers bile salts and surfactants can increase absorption. Mucosal cilia removal is also an important factor affecting absorption. Nasal solution or powder will soon be cleared, half-life of about 15 ~ 20min. But with biocompatible materials such as starch