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纹章,也称家徽,有别于徽章。西方有“纹章学”,是专门研究用以识别个人、机关团体、公司企业的世袭或继承性的标志的科学和艺术。从纹章学的角度来说,11世纪到13世纪是变革时期;13世纪到15世纪之间是黄金时代;到16世纪以后出现衰退的迹象。从式样上来分类,可以分为初期哥德式、后期哥德式、文艺复兴时期、巴洛克时期、罗可可时期和现代式6个时期。自从十字军时期至11世纪末之间出现了这种高级等级封建的纹章以来,随着西欧对殖民地的扩张,纹章被传播到美洲、澳大利亚、新西兰和南非等地。俄国在18世纪从西方学习纹章;日本的“纹”(即纹章)也是一种世袭标志,有5000种之多,20世纪还广泛使用。葡萄牙、荷兰、比利时、瑞典等国都设有纹章官。美国独立后仍用纹章,1966年还成立了纹章院。美国总统约翰逊、尼克松和副总统阿格纽的纹章都是经过该院批准的。
Heraldry, also known as family crest, different from the badge. Heraldic science in the West is a science and art that specializes in identifying hereditary or inherited identities of individuals, institutions, and corporations. From the heraldry point of view, the 11th to the 13th centuries were periods of change; the Golden Age was between the 13th and the 15th centuries; signs of a recession after the 16th century. From the style up to classification, can be divided into the early Gothic, post-Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo and modern six period. Since the period of the Crusaders to the late 11th century, such high-level feudal heraldic creations have emerged and as Western Europe expanded its colonies, crests were spread to the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Russia learned the heraldic from the West in the 18th century; the “grain” (or coat of arms) in Japan was also a hereditary symbol, with more than 5,000, widely used in the 20th century. Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden and other countries have heraldic officer. After the United States still used the coat of arms independence, 1966 also established a coat of arms hospital. The coat of arms of U.S. President Johnson, Nixon and Vice President Agnew passed the approval of the hospital.