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过去,苏联东欧各国的对外贸易都实行国家垄断制,即外贸、外汇和外贸运输统由国家中央机构直接控制,生产企业无权直接经营对外贸易,即使外贸企业也只能严格根据国家的规定进行外贸活动,自主权很小。这种高度集中的外贸体制,有其有利的一面,也有许多弊病。随着国际经济联系的加强,问题愈益突出。因此,在经济改革过程中,苏联东欧国家都程度不同地改变了原来的外贸体制,形成了现行的以苏南匈为代表的三种不同类型的外贸体制。
In the past, the foreign trade of the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries implemented the state monopoly system. That is, foreign trade, foreign exchange and foreign trade and transportation were directly controlled by the central state agencies. Manufacturers were not entitled to directly operate foreign trade. Even foreign trade enterprises could only be strictly conducted according to the state’s stipulations Foreign trade activities, autonomy is small. This highly centralized foreign trade system has its advantages and disadvantages. With the strengthening of international economic ties, the issue has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, during the process of economic reform, the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries all changed the original foreign trade system differently and formed the existing three different types of foreign trade systems represented by the Soviet Union and Hungary.