上海市手工业局管理集体工业企业已有较长的历史。50年代老合作社的特点是勤俭办社、民主管理、自负盈亏、按劳取酬,社员与社的命运息息相关,国家、集体、个人三者关系得到很好处理。但这批老合作社,在“大跃进”时期过早地向全民过渡,其 The Shanghai Handicraft Bureau has a long history of managing collective industrial enterprises. The old cooperatives in the 1950s were characterized by diligent conduct of office, democratic management, self-financing, and payment according to labor. The fate of the members was closely related to the fate of the society. The relationship among the state, the collective, and the individual was well handled. However, these old cooperatives prematurely transitioned to the entire people during the Great Leap Forward period.