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毛泽东作于1930年的《寻乌调查》揭示了寻乌县的农民生活与农村经济状况,它既是当时中国最好的乡村调查之一,又是一个革命先驱者的作品,其中的许多认识,直接成为指导中国土地革命的理论。毛泽东所调查的寻乌个案是否具有普遍意义,是一个值得深入研究的问题。本文通过江西寻乌与浙江松阳石仓的对比研究发现,在传统时代,中国东南地区有着相似的地权结构与社会结构。中国近代乡村的演变,是产业分化与人口分化这两种因素交替作用的结果。20世纪上半叶中国革命的基础之所以在乡村而不是在城市,就是因为乡村积聚了足够多的破坏性力量。20世纪下半叶中国的改革之所以首先在乡村而不在城市,原因也在这里。以转移农村劳动力,发展城市工商业为主要内容的现代化,虽然没有能够挽救农村的颓败,却释放了乡村中的破坏性能量。明确这一点,对于我们理解20世纪中国革命的理论与实践,有着重要的意义。
Mao Zedong’s “Xunwu Survey” in 1930 revealed the peasant life and the rural economy in Xunwu County. It was both one of the best rural surveys in China at that time and one of the pioneers of the revolution. Many of these understandings, Directly become the guiding theory of China’s agrarian revolution. Whether or not the Xunwu case investigated by Mao Tse-tung has universal significance is a question worth further studying. This paper, through the comparative study of Xunwu in Jiangxi Province and Songyang Shicang in Zhejiang Province, finds that in the traditional era, the land rights structure and the social structure in Southeast China have a similar structure. The evolution of modern China’s rural areas is the result of the alternation of the two factors of industrial differentiation and demographic differentiation. The reason why the foundation of the Chinese revolution in the first half of the 20th century was in the villages rather than in the cities was because the countryside had accumulated enough destructive forces. The reason why the reform of China in the second half of the 20th century was first in the villages rather than in cities was also here. The modernization of the main content of the transfer of rural labor force and the development of urban industry and commerce, although not able to save the decadent rural areas, has released the destructive energy in the villages. To clarify this point is of great significance to our understanding of the theory and practice of the Chinese revolution in the 20th century.