Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) suffers from soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum (Pc). To uncover the mechanisms underlying the defense response of Chinese cabbage to Pc, we constructed a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library from Pc-infected cabbage and obtained 1919 non-redundant expressed sequence tags (ESTs), which were used for cDNA microarray. We detected 800 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in cabbage at different time points post-Pc inoculation, which were further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. One quarter of these DEGs were involved in the biotic stress pathways visualized by MapMan. Among them, 8, 8, 1, 3, and 2 DEGs were related to jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), JA+ET, auxin, and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways, respectively, while no DEG was detected for salicylic acid (SA) signaling. Assessment of phytohormone production in the Pc-infected leaves showed that JA and ET production was increased, while SA production was decreased. Treatment with JA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the ET precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), or combinations thereof, reduced the disease severity, and the JA and JA+ACC treatments were superior and performed equally well. Our findings suggest that JA and ET may act synergistically against Pc infection in Chinese cabbage, and JA-mediated signaling might be the most significant.