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美国法中,土地区划指地方政府运用管理权根据不同功能区块规划土地,旨在调停土地使用冲突,促进城市化进程。其理念来自于普通法“侵扰”中阻止非直接的不法妨碍或损害土地使用的观念。随着美国城市化进程和城镇化进程的不断推进,土地区划理念逐渐由被动防止损害财产使用的侵扰理念演变为主动调停土地使用矛盾、使社区共享收益、增进公共福祉的价值追求。由于区划机构运用管理权规划城市土地必然妨碍公民的财产权利,但却不支付任何赔偿,自然引发财产权人诉诸法院,质疑区划管理权来源的合法性和区划程序的正当性。而法院裁决区划争议案件的解释和推理,既丰富了区划理论,又检验了区划理念的得失,并努力在保护个人财产与捍卫公共利益之间保持平衡。
In the United States law, land zoning refers to the local government using the management power to plan the land according to different functional blocks, aimed at mediating land use conflicts and promoting urbanization. The idea stems from the notion that common law “harassment” prevents untrue wrongdoing from interfering with or undermining land use. With the progress of urbanization and urbanization in the United States, the concepts of land zoning gradually evolve from the concept of encroachment that passively prevents the use of property to the mediation of land use. It helps communities to share benefits and enhance the value pursuit of public welfare. Since the planning agencies use the management right to plan the urban land, they will inevitably hinder the citizens’ property rights, but they will not pay any compensation. Naturally, the property rights holders will resort to the court to question the legitimacy of the source of the administrative authority and the justification of the zoning procedure. However, the court ruled that the interpretation and reasoning of the disputed disputes not only enriched the zoning theory but also examined the pros and cons of the zoning concept and tried hard to maintain a balance between protecting personal property and safeguarding the public interest.