报复与反报复在国际贸易中,当一国认为另一国对自己产品的市场开放程度比己方对对方产品的市场开放程度低,使得双方贸易不平衡,而谈判又无法使问题得以解决时,此国就会对对方实施报复来逼对方打开市场。报复手段包括征收高额的惩罚性关税、紧急停止进口等。被报复的一方认为报复一方的行为不公平时会针对对方的报复施以相应的反报复。这种报复与反报复往往导致一场两败俱伤的贸易战。事实上当事双方常常在报复与反报复措施执行之前,再行谈判,最终达成妥协,避免贸易战的发生。目前的美日贸易争端即是国际贸易中报复与反报复的例子。日本对美贸易有近400亿美元的汽车贸易顺差,美国认为这是由于日本闭锁其市场所致,因此美 Retaliation and counter-retaliation In international trade, when a country considers another country’s openness to the market of its own product to be less open than its own counterpart to the product of the other’s product, resulting in unbalanced trade between the parties and negotiating problems that cannot be resolved, This country will retaliate against the other party to force the other party to open the market. The means of retaliation include the imposition of high punitive tariffs and the emergency stop of imports. When the retaliation party believes that the revenge party’s conduct is unfair, he will impose a corresponding counter-retaliation on the other party’s retaliation. Such retaliation and counter-retaliation have often led to a trade war that has lost both sides. In fact, the parties often negotiate before retaliation and counter-retaliation measures are implemented, and finally reach a compromise and avoid a trade war. The current trade dispute between the United States and Japan is an example of retaliation and anti-retaliation in international trade. Japan’s trade surplus with the United States has a car trade surplus of nearly US$40 billion. The United States believes that this is due to Japan’s locking in its market, so the United States