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科学技术对社会和政府的影响已有数千年的历史,然而它们之间的关系却从来没有像今天这么重要。技术的进步已成为人们生活所希望的,尽管技术的灾难,如“挑战者”号航天飞机的失事和苏联切尔诺贝利核电站爆炸仍使人们记忆犹新。不顾所有的预算被削减,政府对研究与发展的资助一直在不断增加。这是因为人们普遍认识到:科学技术进步在经济和军事防御中将起决定性的作用。研究者们对生命、元亡、财产、隐私权等问题的研究正不断取得新的进展-这些问题正日益占据新闻的头版和政府的议事日程。本文要说明的是,政府政策要受到各种复杂力量的制约,而这些力量是可以进行研完的,并可适用于其它特殊形式的政策。许多改革建议没能实现或失去为成功的机会,其主要原因是他们忽视了政策执行过程中最根本的限制因素。因此,加深对科学技术政策的理解,寻找改进科学技术政策与知识和政府之间关系的方法就要承认这些限制因素,并把它们改变成可利用的机会。
The impact of science and technology on society and government has been thousands of years old, yet the relationship between them has never been as important as it is today. Advances in technology have come to be hoped for by people's lives, despite technical disasters such as the crash of the Space Shuttle Challenger and the explosion of the Soviet Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Despite all the budget cuts, government funding for research and development has been steadily increasing. This is because it is generally recognized that advances in science and technology will play a decisive role in economic and military defense. Researchers are constantly making new headway in their research on issues of life, death, property, privacy and others - these issues are increasingly occupying the front page of news and the government's agenda. What this article needs to illustrate is that government policies are subject to various complicated forces that can be researched and applied to other special forms of policies. Many of the reform proposals failed to materialize or lose the chances of success, largely because they ignored the most fundamental constraints in policy implementation. Therefore, ways of deepening understanding of science and technology policy and finding ways to improve the relationship between science and technology policy and knowledge and government must recognize these constraints and change them into opportunities that are available.