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低温是物理学的一个分支,又具有基本技术的特点。回顾低温技术的发展历程可以看到:自1877年液化了氧,获得-183℃的低温,开始发展深冷技术。随后氮、空气、氢陆续液化成功,到1908年奥尼斯液化了氦,获得-269℃的低温,使所有“永久性”气体都得到液化,经历了漫长的30年时间。本世纪初,应用液空发展了制氧工业,但液氢、液氦的温度条件当时仍属于实验室范围。1950年,用绝热去磁法获得0.00114K 的低温,后来又用核去磁法开辟了μK 范围晶格温度的新研究领域。60年代出现的稀释致冷机,可以较长时间保持 mK 温区,使低温物理研究有了长足的进步。
Low temperature is a branch of physics, but also has the basic technical characteristics. Recalling the development of low-temperature technology can be seen: since 1877, liquefied oxygen, obtained -183 ℃ low temperature, began to develop cryogenic technology. Successively, nitrogen, air and hydrogen were successfully liquefied. By 1908 Onis liquefied helium and obtained a low temperature of -269 ° C, liquefying all the “permanent” gases for a long period of 30 years. The beginning of this century, the application of liquid air developed the oxygen industry, but liquid hydrogen, liquid helium temperature conditions still belong to the laboratory range. In 1950, the adiabatic demagnetization method was used to obtain the low temperature of 0.00114K, and later the new field of research on the μK range lattice temperature was opened up by the nuclear demagnetization method. Diluted cooler appeared in the 1960s, mK temperature range can be maintained for a long time, so that the physical properties of low temperature has made great strides.