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19世纪美国小说家赫曼·麦尔维尔的中篇小说《比利·巴德》免除了英美文学中惯常的道德训诫的负担,引经据典、迂回曲折地传达出这样一个寓意:文学,尤其是小说艺术,作为一种叙述方式称得上是一门“揭示真相的伟大艺术”(麦尔维尔评论莎士比亚作品的话)。它以多元的视角和真实的细节呈现由内而外地揭示了被历史话语、政治宣传以及神话、宗教、哲学和文学典籍所遮蔽的历史真相、文明真相和人生真相。本文从三个方面解读麦尔维尔如何用文学的形式揭示被掩盖的历史真相、文明真相和人生真相,以此构建他所期待的美国民族文学,并在文学中寄托他自己的精神信仰。
In the 19th century American novelist Herman Melville’s novella “Billy Bud” dispenses with the burden of customary moral precepts in Anglo-American literature, quoting the code and twists and turns to convey such an implication: literature, especially the novel Art, as a narrative, can be described as a “great art that reveals the truth” (as Melville remarks on Shakespeare’s work). With multiple perspectives and real details, it reveals from the inside out the historical truth, the truth of civilization and the truth of life which are obscured by historical discourse, political propaganda and myths, religions, philosophies and literary books. This article analyzes how Melville reveals the historical truth, the truth of civilization and the truth of life concealed in the form of literature in order to construct the American national literature that he is looking forward to and to place his own spiritual belief in literature.